Indicates that one time interval (the subject) occurs during the other (object) time interval, i.e. it begins after the object time interval has begun and ends before the object interval ends.
A point in time. Can have either a hasBeginning or hasEnding value, if it has both they should be the same.
change note
A note about a modification to a concept.
has close match
skos:closeMatch is used to link two concepts that are sufficiently similar that they can be used interchangeably in some information retrieval applications. In order to avoid the possibility of "compound errors" when combining mappings across more than two concept schemes, skos:closeMatch is not declared to be a transitive property.
note
A general note, for any purpose.
This property may be used directly, or as a super-property for more specific note types.
scope note
A note that helps to clarify the meaning of a concept.
mapping relation
These concept mapping relations mirror semantic relations, and the data model defined below is similar (with the exception of skos:exactMatch) to the data model defined for semantic relations. A distinct vocabulary is provided for concept mapping relations, to provide a convenient way to differentiate links within a concept scheme from links between concept schemes. However, this pattern of usage is not a formal requirement of the SKOS data model, and relies on informal definitions of best practice.
Definition
Branch, division, department, laboratory, etc. within an organisation. Usually, not an independent legal entity.
Indicates that one interval (the subject) starts after another (the object) ends.
Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity responsible for making the resource available.
Publisher
A second property with the same name as this property has been declared in the dcterms: namespace (http://purl.org/dc/terms/). See the Introduction to the document "DCMI Metadata Terms" (http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/) for an explanation.
Gives the probability or other weighted associated with a weighted attribute or relation.
semantic relation
This property should not be used directly, but as a super-property for all properties denoting a relationship of meaning between concepts.
A concept related by meaning.
SKOS Vocabulary
Participants in W3C's Semantic Web Deployment Working Group.
An RDF vocabulary for describing the basic structure and content of concept schemes such as thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', other types of controlled vocabulary, and also concept schemes embedded in glossaries and terminologies.
A country, normally designated by a GeoNames URI.
Spatial topic and spatial applicability may be a named place or a location specified by its geographic coordinates. Temporal topic may be a named period, date, or date range. A jurisdiction may be a named administrative entity or a geographic place to which the resource applies. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]. Where appropriate, named places or time periods can be used in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges.
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant.
Coverage
has related
Relates a concept to a concept with which there is an associative semantic relationship.
skos:related is disjoint with skos:broaderTransitive
Indicates the definitive source from which this resource was, or could be, obtained.
has top concept
Relates, by convention, a concept scheme to a concept which is topmost in the broader/narrower concept hierarchies for that scheme, providing an entry point to these hierarchies.
Ordered Collection
An ordered collection of concepts, where both the grouping and the ordering are meaningful.
Ordered collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed in a specific order, and optionally under a 'node label'.
history note
A note about the past state/use/meaning of a concept.
related match
skos:relatedMatch is used to state an associative mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
example
An example of the use of a concept.
Class of relations. Mostly used for when we are reifiying complex relations as objects and so does not itself break the DL constraints, could be used as a category of general relations as done in SUMO in which case we would be forced into OWL/full.
definition
A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.
has exact match
skos:exactMatch is used to link two concepts, indicating a high degree of confidence that the concepts can be used interchangeably across a wide range of information retrieval applications. skos:exactMatch is a transitive property, and is a sub-property of skos:closeMatch.
skos:exactMatch is disjoint with each of the properties skos:broadMatch and skos:relatedMatch.
A special case of an alternate label where the label is an acronym for the preffered (or maybe an alt) label.
Things like "water", "clay" which have no unity (the combination of two amounts of clay is just a single amount of clay), aka "stuff".
An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on a timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.
gives the time point of a datum in a time-valued function, to a resolution of 1 day
has broader transitive
skos:broaderTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader.
By convention, skos:broaderTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.
related to
A concept with which there is an associative semantic relationship.
The time or time interval at which an event or process takes place.
skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:broader. By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not intended to be used in assertions, but provides a mechanism whereby the transitive closure of skos:narrower can be queried.
narrower transitive
By convention, skos:narrowerTransitive is not used to make assertions. Rather, the properties can be used to draw inferences about the transitive closure of the hierarchical relation, which is useful e.g. when implementing a simple query expansion algorithm in a search application.
has narrower
Relates a concept to a concept that is more specific in meaning.
By convention, skos:broader is only used to assert an immediate (i.e. direct) hierarchical link between two conceptual resources.
Narrower concepts are typically rendered as children in a concept hierarchy (tree).
A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.
An Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation.
Gives the context of a qualified relationship, e.g. the TimeInterval during which a binary property value is valid.
Collection
A meaningful collection of concepts.
Labelled collections can be used where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed under a 'node label' in the hierarchy.
Superclass of all types of reified n-ary relations. Instances link to the participating objects via hasArgument properties.
literal form
The property skosxl:literalForm is used to give the literal form of an skosxl:Label.
If two instances of the class skosxl:Label have the same literal form, they are not necessarily the same resource.
The range of skosxl:literalForm is the class of RDF plain literals.
Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.
Identifier
Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [RFC4646].
Language
A language of the resource.
Concept Scheme
A set of concepts, optionally including statements about semantic relationships between those concepts.
A concept scheme may be defined to include concepts from different sources.
Thesauri, classification schemes, subject heading lists, taxonomies, 'folksonomies', and other types of controlled vocabulary are all examples of concept schemes. Concept schemes are also embedded in glossaries and terminologies.
Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.
For any resource, every item in the list given as the value of the skos:memberList property is also a value of the skos:member property.
An RDF list containing the members of an ordered collection.
member list
A note that helps to clarify the meaning and/or the use of a concept.
Gives an object (aka Individual) valued argument for an n-ary relationship, such as a weighted relation.
preferred label
The preferred lexical label for a resource, in a given language.
A resource has no more than one value of skos:prefLabel per language tag, and no more than one value of skos:prefLabel without language tag.
The range of skos:prefLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
skos:prefLabel, skos:altLabel and skos:hiddenLabel are pairwise disjoint properties.
A document, does not distinguish electronic and physical copies. Not limited to text documents.
Indicates that one time interval (the subject) finishes the other (object) time interval, i.e. end start at the same time but it starts after the object interval starts.
A single (integer) value in a function (typically of time)
Links a reified n-ary relationship to one of its arguments. Subproperties of this can be used to indicate specific roles in the n-ary realtionship.
GovernmentOrganization is the class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization of a government.
Reification of a time-dependent relation. A special case of a QualifiedBinaryRelation where the context should be a time interval.
The property skosxl:prefLabel is used to associate an skosxl:Label with a skos:Concept. The property is analogous to skos:prefLabel.
If C skosxl:prefLabel L and L skosxl:literalForm V, then X skos:prefLabel V.
An Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs.
A geographical feature such as a river, mountain, including man made features such as cities and bridges. Ususally designated by a Geonames URI with associated descriptive information.
Typically, the subject will be represented using keywords, key phrases, or classification codes. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary.
The topic of the resource.
Subject
has broader match
skos:broadMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
has member
Relates a collection to one of its members.
The country in which a geographical feature is located.
Indicates some person or object that partipates in a process or event.
A storage system, content management system, or other source from which information resources like Documents can be obtained. The aggregate can itself be regarded as an InformationResource though metadata on the InformationSource should be used to describe the name and authorship of the source rather of the union of the contained resources.
has narrower match
skos:narrowMatch is used to state a hierarchical mapping link between two conceptual resources in different concept schemes.
Gives an data valued argument for an n-ary relationship, such as a weighted relation.
A relation containing a weight (e.g. an associated probablilty) and an object or literal value.
in scheme
A concept may be a member of more than one concept scheme.
A concept scheme in which the concept is included.
has narrower transitive
skos:narrowerTransitive is a transitive superproperty of skos:narrower.
alternative label
An alternative lexical label for a resource.
Acronyms, abbreviations, spelling variants, and irregular plural/singular forms may be included among the alternative labels for a concept. Mis-spelled terms are normally included as hidden labels (see skos:hiddenLabel).
The range of skos:altLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.
Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
A related resource.
Relation
Concept
An idea or notion; a unit of thought.
Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.
Creator
hidden label
A lexical label for a resource that should be hidden when generating visual displays of the resource, but should still be accessible to free text search operations.
The range of skos:hiddenLabel is the class of RDF plain literals.
Indicates an information source from which the subject resource could be obtained.
Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types [MIME].
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.
Format
InformationResource denotes an information resource with identity, as defined in Dublin Core (DC2003ISO). A document (physical or electronic), message or other information object. We recommend use of Dublic Core elements for basic descriptive metadata and guide usage by restricting the range of some dc elements.
The location at which a thing exists or is currently situated.
Broader concepts are typically rendered as parents in a concept hierarchy (tree).
has broader
A concept that is more general in meaning.
exact match
General mereology relation of one thing being part of another.
The beginning of a time interval or the time value of a time instant. Optional (since the interval may be unbounded) but unique.
Indicates that one interval (the subject) ends before another (the object) begins.
A region of time such as a specific instant or time interval. Can also be used for things like Geological ages.
Indicates that one InformationResource is a a version of some other resource. Note this is more restricted relation that dc:source, dc:source could indicate some set of primary references works used in the generation of a wholly new InformationResource whereas versionOf would only be used betweens successive refinements or copies of the essentially the same resource.
Label
A special class of lexical entities.
The described resource may be derived from the related resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the related resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.
A related resource from which the described resource is derived.
Source
Description may include but is not limited to: an abstract, a table of contents, a graphical representation, or a free-text account of the resource.
An account of the resource.
Description
Something, which neither happens nor exists. The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves.
top concept in scheme
Relates a concept to the concept scheme that it is a top level concept of.
Something which can't exist on its own but is a feature of some physical object, e.g. a bump, hole, region, spot.
Object feature
Indicates that some organization (such as a division) is part of some parent organization.
Indicates that one time interval (the subject) starts the other (object) time interval, i.e. they start at the same time but it ends before the object interval ends.
editorial note
A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.
gives the time point of a datum in a time-valued function
A relation which would normally be regard as binary (e.g. memberOf, hasColour) but where the value is dependent upon some context like time. We model this as an n-ary relation where the qualifying context is given by the value of the 'inContext' property and the qualified value is given by the unique 'hasArgument' value.
Labelled collections can be used with collectable semantic relation properties e.g. skos:narrower, where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed under a 'node label' in the hierarchy.
SKOS Core Vocabulary
A single value in a function (typically of time)
No two concepts in the same concept scheme may have the same value for skos:prefLabel in a given language.
is in scheme
Relates a resource (for example a concept) to a concept scheme in which it is included.
An Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization.
We split perdurants into just events and processes according to atomicity. A process has some substructure to it, it extends over time and might have discrete or continuous phases, whereas as an event has no interesting substructure. This division is relative to a given viewpoint. For example a meeting could be modelled as a process if one is recording different stages of a meeting with time ordering or might be a simple event. The two viewpoints are not regarded as disjoint.
Event
Some shared business endeavour. Use for ongoing activities as opposed to projects that have clear cut start/end time courses.
label relation
The property skosxl:labelRelation is used for representing binary ('direct') relations between instances of the class skosxl:Label.
skosxl:labelRelation is not intended to be used directly, but rather as the basis for a design pattern which can be refined for more specific labeling scenarios.
Indicates that one time interval (the subject) overlaps the other (object) time interval, i.e. it begins before the object time interval has begun and ends during the object interval ends.
Examples of a Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Contributor should be used to indicate the entity.
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource.
Contributor
The location at which an event or process takes place.
A region of space in some measurement system including a polygonal boundary of a geographic space or a region of 3D space.
Used to link a class to a set of properties that might often be used on instances of the class. Used especially when the properties have an open domain and/or reside in an external namespace to show expected usage patterns that are not obvious from the pure axiom structured on the ontology.
Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).
Indicates that the two time intervals are the same (same beginning and ending).
The property skosxl:hiddenLabel is used to associate an skosxl:Label with a skos:Concept. The property is analogous to skos:hiddenLabel.
If C skosxl:hiddenLabel L and L skosxl:literalForm V, then C skos:hiddenLabel V.
SKOS XL Vocabulary
An RDF vocabulary extending SKOS and allowing the description and linking of lexical entities.
Represents an integer-valued function of time
narrower match
A top level concept in the concept scheme.
Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF].
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.
Date
broader match
Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.
Information about rights held in and over the resource.
Rights
Process
General relationship between things (Endurants) and the processes (Perdurants) in which they might particpate. For example, links a person to their life history or an actor to a business process.
Ordered collections can be used with collectable semantic relation properties, where you would like a set of concepts to be displayed in a specific order, and optionally under a 'node label'.
A person (or other agent) responsible for a particular event or process like a meeting or project.
notation
A notation, also known as classification code, is a string of characters such as "T58.5" or "303.4833" used to uniquely identify a concept within the scope of a given concept scheme.
By convention, skos:notation is used with a typed literal in the object position of the triple.
A project or collective endeavour of some kind. Typically a project has a definite inception, set of goals and conclusion.
links a function of time to a particular timestamped value
Used to link related concepts across ontologies. In many cases if an application can commit to both source and target ontologies then the linkedConcept relation can be treated as owl:equivalentClass or owl:equivalentProperty. However, in some cases we may not be able to commit to all of the axioms in the linked ontology, for example it might assert two concepts as disjoin where we allow a single entity to be simultaneously regarded from the perspective of both concepts. SHOULD only be used when the concepts are near equivalents, not as a shorthand for "vaguely related somehow".
broader transitive
is in semantic relation with
Links a concept to a concept related by meaning.
Physical objects. Endurants with unity and some independent existence.
has member list
Relates an ordered collection to the RDF list containing its members.
Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1
A name given to the resource.
Title
An example foundation ontology developed to accompany the experimental EDUBase dataset. Based on Dolce-lite. Utilizes SKOS, SKOS-XL and Dublin Core Elements. Cross links to FRBR ontology, FOAF, DOLCE-lite and Proton.
member
A member of a collection.
is top concept in scheme
Any sort of formal or semi-formal meeting such as a business meeting.
The property skosxl:altLabel is used to associate an skosxl:Label with a skos:Concept. The property is analogous to skos:altLabel.
If C skosxl:altLabel L and L skosxl:literalForm V, then X skos:altLabel V.
A region of some measurement space such as a time interval, spatial region or colour space.
Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCMITYPE]. To describe the file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource, use the Format element.
The nature or genre of the resource.
Type
Root of the foundational ontology. Includes objects, processes and abstractions.
has related match
An abstract idea or notion; a unit of thought.
Person (or other agent) who can act as a contact point for some activity or product.
Relates a concept to a concept that is more general in meaning.
A concept that is more specific in meaning.
A geospatial location, encompasses locations with extent (e.g. countries) as well as features which can be treated as point-like for some purposes (e.g. a bridge or road junction). Normally designated by a Geonames URI.
Indicates that one time interval (the subject) meets the other (object) time interval, i.e. it ends as the object interval begins.
is in mapping relation with
Relates two concepts coming, by convention, from different schemes, and that have comparable meanings
Endurants exists in time, values of some properties might different over time but the Endurant has a constant identity. Endurants can participate in processes. Philosophically speaking they are independent essential wholes.
The end of a time interval or the time value of a time instant. Optional (since the interval may be unbounded) but unique.
Indicates that an agent is a member of some group, for example a person being a member of an organization like a Corporation.