is revision of
It identifies the previous expression of a revised one.
is adaption of
It identifies the work/expression of an adapted one.
is element of
The link to a collection in which the object is member.
item
A single exemplar of a manifestation. The entity defined as item is a concrete entity. It is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.). There are instances, however, where the entity defined as item comprises more than one physical object (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.).
has owner
An item linked to its owner.
has first item
The link to the first item of the list.
is summarization of
It identifies the original work/expression of a summarized one.
has reproduction
A manifestation/item reproduced in another one. A reproduction indicates the relationship as it would be drawn from the first manifestation/item in the relationship to the second manifestation/item in the relationship.
is preceded by
Given the list (I[1], I[2],.. , I[i-1], I[i], I[i+1],.. , I[n-1], I[n]), the item I[i] is preceded by I[i-1],.. , I[2] and I[1].
The link to the preceding item in a list.
collection
A group of objects that can be considered as a whole.
is responsible entity of
An entity that is resposible for a particular endeavour.
has item content
The link to the actual resource to which the item refers.
has related endeavour
responsible entity
It represents those responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of any endeavour.
is arrangement of
It identifies the original expression of an arranged one.
is owner of
The owner of a particular item.
This ontology is available at http://purl.org/spar/biro, and uses the namespace prefix biro.
BiRO, the Bibliographic Reference Ontology is an ontology for describing bibliographic records and references, and their compilation into bibliographic collections and reference lists. It forms part of SPAR, a suite of Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. Other SPAR ontologies are described at http://purl.org/spar/.
BiRO, the Bibliographic Reference Ontology, is an ontology structured according to the FRBR model to define bibliographic records (as subclasses of frbr:Work) and bibliographic references (as subclasses of frbr:Expression), and their compilations into bibliographic collections such as library catalogues, and into bibliographic lists such as reference lists in journal articles, respectively. It provides a logical system for relating an individual bibliographic reference, such as appears in the reference list of a published article (which may lack the title of the cited article, the full names of the listed authors, or indeed the full list of authors): - to the full bibliographic record for that cited article, which in addition to missing reference fields may also include the name of the publisher, and the ISSN or ISBN of the publication; - to collections of bibliographic records such as library catatlogues; and - to bibliographic lists, such as reference lists.
BiRO, the Bibliographic Reference Ontology
This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
has summarization
A work/expression summarized in another one. This property describe the summarization of an original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, they always refer to different works.
is item of
The link to a bag in which the item is member.
has abridgement
An expression abridged in another one. In the abridged expression some content of the previous expression is removed, but the result does not alter the content to the extent that it becomes a new work. The expressions resulting from such modification are generally autonomous in nature (i.e., they do not normally require reference to the prior expression in order to be used or understood).
has responsible entity
Any endeavour having a particular entity that is responsible of it.
is exemplar of
An item that exemplifies a manifestation.
is followed by
Given the list (I[1], I[2],.. , I[i-1], I[i], I[i+1],.. , I[n-1], I[n]), the item I[i] is followed by I[i+1],.. , I[n-1] and I[n].
The link to the following item in a list.
is last item of
The link to a list in which the item is last item.
has adaption
A work/expression adapted in another one. This property describe the modification of an original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, they always refer to different works.
is part of
An endeavour incorporating another endeavour.
Unlike the FRBR version in RDF http://vocab.org/frbr/core.html the present version defines partonomy relationships transitive.
is imitation of
It identifies the work/expression of an imitated one.
has element
The link to the members of a collection
list item
element belonging to a list
is abridgement of
It identifies the entire expression of an abridged one.
has creator
A work linked to its creator.
has complement
An expression work/expression having another one as complement. This property describes works that are intended to be combined with or inserted into the related work. In other words, they are intended to be integrated in some way with the other work, but were not part of the original conception of that prior work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
is reconfiguration of
It identifies the manifestation of a reconfigured one.
library catalogue
A catalogue of the bibliographic holdings of a library.
is transformation of
It identifies the original work/expression of a trasformed one.
bibliographic collection
A bibliographic collection is composed only of items containing bibliographic records. Moreover, it cannot be part of other bibliographic collections, and it is realized only by bibliographic lists.
A collection of bibliographic records, each of which references a publication (or a work in preparation for publication). Examples of bibliographic collections include a collection of the bibliographic records of all the publications that a single individual has authored, or a collection of those bibliographic records to be included in a research paper, where they are expressed as a reference list.
corporate body
An organization or group of individuals and/or organizations acting as a unit. The entity defined as corporate body encompasses organizations and groups of individuals and/or organizations that are identified by a particular name, including occasional groups and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc.
is supplement of
It identifies the work/expression of a particular supplement of it.
set
A collection that cannot contain duplicate elements.
is reproduction of
It identifies the manifestation/item of a reproduced one.
has part
A part of an endeavour.
references
The relation between a bibliographic record or a bibliographic reference and the publication being referenced.
is producer of
The producer of a particular manifestation.
has successor
An expression work/expression having another one as successor. The successor type of relationship involves a kind of linear progression of content from one work/expression to the other. In some cases, the content of the successor may be closely connected to the content of the preceding work, which would result in a work that is referential. In others, such as with loosely connected parts of a trilogy, the successor will be autonomous. Serial publications that result from the merger or split of their predecessors and stand on their own without requiring reference to the predecessor are also examples of autonomous works that fall within the successor relationship type. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
object
A material thing. The entity defined as object encompasses a comprehensive range of material things that may be the subject of a work: animate and inanimate objects occurring in nature; fixed, movable, and moving objects that are the product of human creation; objects that no longer exist.
has next item
Given the list (I[1], I[2],.. , I[i-1], I[i], I[i+1],.. , I[n-1], I[n]), the next item of I[i] is I[i+1].
The link to the next item in a list.
has exemplar
A manifestation exemplified in an item.
has transformation
An work/expression transformed in another one. This property describes works that are intended to be a trasformation another original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
has index
A number identifying the position, starting from 1, of a particular list item within a list.
is successor of
It identifies the previous work/expression of a succeeded one.
is realizer of
The realizer of a particular expression.
is item content of
The link to the item that refers to the resource.
has realization
A work realized through an expression.
has last item
The link to the last item of the list.
has supplement
An expression work/expression having another one as supplement. The supplement relationship type involves works/expressions that are intended to be used in conjunction with another work/expression. Some of these, such as indices, concordances, teachers' guides, glosses, and instruction manuals for electronic resources will be so closely associated with the content of the related work/expression that they are useless without the other work/expression.
person
An individual. The entity defined as person encompasses individuals that are deceased as well as those that are living.
place
A location. The entity defined as place encompasses a comprehensive range of locations: terrestrial and extra-terrestrial; historical and contemporary; geographic features and geo-political jurisdictions.
has imitation
An work/expression imitated in another one. This property describes works that are intended to be an imitation another original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
has embodiment
An expression embodied in a manifestation.
has item
The link to every item of the bag
bag
Collection that can have a number of copies of each object
bibliographic record
A bibliographic record is realized only through bibliographic references.
A record that uniquely describes a particular textual or data publication (or a work in preparation for publication). Each bibliographic record is a set of entities describing aspects of the referenced work, including, for example, but not restricted to: authors, title, journal, publication year, DOI, ISSN, publisher and copyright information, or, in the case of a data publication: creators, title, version, archive, publication year, DOI or other identifier). The FRBR expression of a bibliographic record is a bibliographic reference, which usually contains only a sub-set of these entities, ordered in a particular way that corresponds to the house style of the publication in which it occurs.
A list item cannot be preceded by itself
has reconfiguration
An item reconfigured in another one. The reconfiguration relationship is one in which one or more items are changed in such a way that a new item or items result. Most commonly, an item of one manifestation is bound with an item of a different manifestation to make a new item.
is first item of
The link to a list in which the item is first item.
list
An ordered array of items, that can be present in multiple copies
event
An action or occurrence. The entity defined as event encompasses a comprehensive range of actions and occurrences that may be the subject of a work: historical events, epochs, periods of time, etc.
has alternate
A manifestation having another one as alternate. The alternate relationship involves manifestations that effectively serve as alternates for each other. The alternate relationship obtains, for example, when a publication, sound recording, video, etc. is issued in more than one format or when it is released simultaneously by different publishers in different countries.
endeavour
It describes different aspects of user interests in the products of intellectual or artistic artifact.
has translation
An expression translated in another one. It allows to refer to a literal translation, in which the intent is to render the intellectual content of the previous expression as accurately as possible.
concept
An abstract notion or idea. The entity defined as concept encompasses a comprehensive range of abstractions that may be the subject of a work: fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools of thought (philosophies, religions, political ideologies, etc.), theories, processes, techniques, practices, etc. A concept may be broad in nature or narrowly defined and precise.
manifestation
The physical embodiment of an expression of a work. The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials and formats. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.
is embodiment of
A manifestation that embodies an expression.
is subject of
A subject a work talks abbout.
has revision
An expression revised in another one. A revision has the intent to alter or update the content of the prior expression, but without changing the content so much that it becomes a new work.
has producer
A manifestation linked to its prodecer.
subject
It represents an additional set of entities that serve as the subjects of works.
bibliographic list
A bibliographic list is composed only of items containing bibliographic references. Moreover, it is always a realization of a bibliographic collection.
An ordered list of bibliographic items, each of which contains a bibliographic reference.
A list item cannot be followed by itself
is referenced by
The relation between a publication and the bibliographic record or bibliographic reference describing it.
is complement of
It identifies the work/expression of that is a complement of another one.
is alternate of
It identifies the manifestation of an alternative one.
bibliographic reference
A bibliographic reference is a realization of a bibliographic record. Moreover, it can contain only items referring to elements contained by the bibliographic record it realizes.
An expression of a bibliographic record in a specific format, that references a particular textual or data publication (or a work in preparation for publication). Each bibliographic reference is a list of items containing entities that describe aspects of the referenced work - for example authors, title, journal, publication year - selected from the bibliographic record. Note that because different journal styles may require omission of elements of the bibliographic record in references included in a paper's reference list (e.g. the title, the identifier, the names of the eighth and subsequent authors), and because errors can be introduced when an author creates a bibliographic reference, the bibliographic reference to a published work may not be a complete or fully accurate expression of the information contained within the authoritative bibliographic record for that work.
reference list
A list used to describe the bibliography of a research paper, a journal article, a book, a book chapter or similar publication.
Essential FRBR in OWL2 DL
FRBR DL is an OWL 2 DL expression of the FRBR model.
This vocabulary is an expression in OWL 2 DL of the basic concepts and relations described in the IFLA report on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), also described in Ian Davis's RDF vocabulary (http://vocab.org/frbr/core).
is creator of
The creator of a particular work.
is translation of
It identifies the original expression of a translated one.
The Collections Ontology (CO)
work
A distinct intellectual or artistic creation. A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. We recognize the work through individual realizations or expressions of the work, but the work itself exists only in the commonality of content between and among the various expressions of the work. When we speak of Homer's Iliad as a work, our point of reference is not a particular recitation or text of the work, but the intellectual creation that lies behind all the various expressions of the work.
has realizer
An expression linked to its realizer.
is realization of
An expression that realizes a work.
expression
The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms. An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is "realized." Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular sounds, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work.
Element belonging to a bag
has arrangement
An expression arranged in another one. In the arranged expression some content of the previous expression is changed in some way, but the result does not alter the content to the extent that it becomes a new work. The expressions resulting from such modification are generally autonomous in nature (i.e., they do not normally require reference to the prior expression in order to be used or understood).
has size
CO defines the size of a collection as the sum of the number of times entities that are part of the collection appear in it. This means that co:size considers how much each entity is involved by a particular collection, i.e.: - the size of the set {a, b, c} is three - the size of the bag [a, a, b, b, b, c] is five - the size of the list (a, b, c, b, a, b, c, c) is seven
The number of item belonging to a collection.
has previous item
Given the list (I[1], I[2],.. , I[i-1], I[i], I[i+1],.. , I[n-1], I[n]), the previous item of I[i] is I[i-1].
The link to the previous item in a list.
has subject
A work linked to a particular subject it is talking about.