A CorpuscularObject that is the product of a Making.
A ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of Contest.
The Manufacture of Texts. Note that there is no implication that the Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of Dissemination.
Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral.
The class of temporal durations (instances of TimeDuration) and positions of TimePoints and TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of TimePosition).
Any instance of Hearing which is intentional.
The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to length.
Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class Learning should be used.
The Class of all Months which are January.
SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. Radian = m/m = 1.
A Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis.
A Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc.
The class of IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking.
A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition.
A specification of a sequence of Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time.
Any GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the Government.
Submultiple of Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a Meter
A Device which is manipulated by a Human and whose purpose is to produce Music.
Any GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes Lands, Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders.
The subclass of Impelling where the patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of Device.
Any instance of Giving where the agent gives something to the destination which was previously given to the agent by the destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone.
An Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the Agent is also an instance of CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of SentientAgents that are not also CognitiveAgents.
The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one belief out of a set of multiple possibilities that are available to him/her.
OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and its sibling Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.
A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An EngineeringComponent is an element of a Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity.
The Class of all Months which are August.
Inserting a BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an Animal or a Human with a syringe.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular Proposition or Sentence is true.
Any Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc.
Any Corporation which sells goods or services to customers for a profit.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that Classifying is distinguished from Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a CognitiveAgent of any Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category.
One of the seven largest land masses on earth, viz. Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. Note that this naming scheme is the one used in the CIA World Factbook.
Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of Quantity: Number (how many) and PhysicalQuantity (how much).
The Class of all Months which are February.
Any FinancialTransaction by a CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit.
The Class of Systeme International (SI) units.
A subclass of IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew.
IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of Quantity.
Controlling the direction and/or speed of a Vehicle. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc.
The Process of changing the shape of an Object.
Attributes characterizing the orientation of an Object, e.g. Vertical versus Horizontal, Left versus Right etc.
Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions.
One MegaByte (MB) of information. One MegaByte is 1024 KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
A Set containing a finite number of elements.
The subclass of SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal.
A LandArea that is completely surrounded by a WaterArea.
Any element of the official currrency of some Nation. This covers both CurrencyBills and CurrencyCoins.
Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a path in instances of Translocation. Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways.
A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class Interpreting should be used in cases where a Text is read silently.
The Class of Processes where a Liquid is removed from an Object.
The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the patient.
Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of Processes, the complement of Objects in the Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis.
One Bit of information. A one or a zero.
An OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution.
The Class of Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else.
SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1.
An Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The members of an Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of Organization. Note too that the existence of an Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one member (since Organization is a subclass of Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious member should be assumed.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention).
The subclass of Languages used by Animals other than Humans.
Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an Object.
A currency measure of most European Union countries. It is based on the UnitedStatesDollar.
A ManualHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands.
A TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 KelvinDegrees).
A TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 FahrenheitDegrees
The OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an EducationalOrganization.
An Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation.
A Process where two or more SelfConnectedObjects are incorporated into a single SelfConnectedObject. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former results in one of the objects being part of the other, while Attaching only results in the two objects being connected with one another. Note too that Combining is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are combined may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.
Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing.
Attributes that apply specifically to instances of Organism.
an Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between RegulatoryProcess and the related concept Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred.
Any Transfer where two Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another.
A Transaction where an instance of Currency is exchanged for something else.
A LinguisticExpression or set of LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a CorpuscularObject by Humans.
The Class of all Months which are September.
The Class of truth values, e.g. True and False. These are Attributes of Sentences and Propositions.
The Class of NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this Class.
The subclass of HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages.
Any Corporation which manufactures Products.
Time unit. A week's duration is seven days.
Collections have members like Classes, but, unlike Classes, they have a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep.
The subclass of Poking Processes which involve a sharp instrument.
The subclass of Transfer where the patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc.
The Class of Removing processes where the agent uncovers the patient, either completely or only partially.
A WaterArea whose Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes.
Any Decreasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity decreased is a TemperatureMeasure.
The OrganizationalProcess of leaving an Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.
A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc.
Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is increased.
Propositions are Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish Propositions from the ContentBearingObjects that express them. A Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a ContentBearingObject is an Object that represents this information. A Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form
The Class of Processes where the agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time.
A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to avoid being damaged.
A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.
The subclass of Giving Processes where the agent gives the destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).
A Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant.
The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology.
An Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same TimePositions.
The class of Texts that purport to be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.
A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address.
A Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else.
Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of Object.
Putting one thing inside of another thing.
The Class of Processes which relate to the acquisition of information.
A class containing all of the Attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. Likely and Unlikely.
A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. Numbers are subclassed into RealNumber, ComplexNumber, and ImaginaryNumber.
A Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity.
A term of a Language that represents a concept.
Instances of this Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery.
The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of BiologicalProcess.
A syntactically well-formed formula of a Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a Proposition.
A UnaryConstantFunctionQuantity of continuous time. All instances of this Class are returned by Functions that map a time quantity into another ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time.
The class of Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer.
An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that FieldOfStudy is a subclass of Proposition, because a FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content.
A GroupOfPeople who all have the same home.
The broadest GeopoliticalArea, i.e. Nations are GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations).
An umbrella Class for any Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of Word. A ParticleWord is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class ParticleWord includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc.
A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of Physical.
Voting is the activity of voting in an Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while Elections are conducted by Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an Election process.
A TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 CelsiusDegrees and 100 CelsiusDegrees.
The class of Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text.
The subclass of Damagings in which the patient (or an essential element of the patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent.
The Class of Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the CaseRole destination.
Any Communication that involves a single agent and many destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc.
A Maneuver in a ViolentContest where the agent attempts to inflict damage on the patient.
The Class of Keeping Processes where the patient is a Human or an Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc.
Any Increasing Process where the PhysicalQuantity increased is a TemperatureMeasure.
A currency measure. 1 EuroCent is equal to01 EuroDollars
Any Device whose purpose is to measure a PhysicalQuantity.
Any instance of Seeing which is intentional.
A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All PhysicalQuantities are either ConstantQuantities or FunctionQuantities. Instances of ConstantQuantity are dependent on a UnitOfMeasure, while instances of FunctionQuantity are Functions that map instances of ConstantQuantity to other instances of ConstantQuantity (e.g., TimeDependentQuantities are FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of PhysicalQuantity. PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement.
An Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water.
Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including UnitedStatesDollar, UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc.
The Class of ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an Object.
The Class of Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the CaseRoles patient and origin, respectively.
One Byte of information. A Byte is eight Bits.
Every List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, Lists are created by means of the ListFn Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other Lists, may be an item in a List. Note too that Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a List may contain no items. In that case, the List is the NullList.
The Class of Processes where a Liquid is added to an Object.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a DiseaseOrSyndrome.
The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid.
SI TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 KelvinDegrees while it is 0 CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15.
A Process where one Object becomes attached to another Object. Note that this differs from Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. Note that Combining is different from Attaching in that the former applies to Substances, while the latter applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Attaching is different from Putting in that one or both of the two things which are attached may or may not be moved from the location where they were combined.
An IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an Organism. Thus, for example, Reasoning is a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of RecreationOrExercise necessarily have subProcesses of BodyMotion.
A short Text that is a summary of another, longer Text.
The subclass of Making in which a StationaryArtifact is built.
This is the subclass of ContentBearingObjects which are language-related. Note that this Class encompasses both Language and the the elements of Languages, e.g. Words.
Any TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the Animal that is the patient of the TherapeuticProcess.
A FunctionQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity that is returned by a Function that maps from one or more instances of ConstantQuantity to another instance of ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a FunctionQuantity relating values of time (which are ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also ConstantQuantities). Note that all elements of the range of the Function corresponding to a FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the FunctionQuantity itself.
Any Attribute of an Entity that is an internal property of the Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more Entity out of a larger set of Entities. Note that this covers all cases of judging or evaluating.
The subclass of SurfaceChange where a ColorAttribute of the patient is altered.
Instances of this Class commit the agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm.
Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like Pursuing and Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an Object. Note that a Process may have participants 'inside' it which are Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis.
Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that Organization.
A ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary accommodations to guests in exchange for money.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Objects.
A SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole.
Any instance of Giving that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants.
A SpokenHumanLanguage is a HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also berepresented visually through writing, although not all SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form.
The subclass of Getting Processes where the agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest).
The Class of all Months which are November.
The Class of all Attributes that specify the position or status of a CognitiveAgent within an Organization or other Group.
A Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee.
Any Group whose members are exclusively Humans.
Any Process where the PhysicalState of part of the patient of the Process changes.
Investigating the truth of a Proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind.
The subclass of IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between CognitiveAgents.
A formal position of reponsibility within an Organization. Examples of Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc.
Any instance of Currency that is made of Metal.
The subclass of Languages that are designed by Humans.
A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the Meter is a UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each.
Any Process that requires two, nonidentical patients.
A Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game.
A SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although Human is a subclass of CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be CognitiveAgents.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Objects.
The subclass of Languages used by Humans.
A Process that has a specific purpose for the CognitiveAgent who performs it.
An IntentionalProcess that involves an Organization.
A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction
Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment.
OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job.
Motion from one point to another by means of a TransportationDevice.
Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world.
A LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc.
An EngineeringConnection is an EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of the Predicate connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this Predicate holds between two EngineeringComponents, there exists an EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. EngineeringConnections are EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an engineeringSubcomponent of other EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of EngineeringComponents related by connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of EngineeringComponents.
A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people.
A Class containing all of the Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity.
A Mixture is two or more PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete.
The Class of all Months which are April.
A WaterArea whose Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas.
A Phrase that has the same function as a Verb.
The class of FunctionQuantities that are returned by UnaryFunctions that map from the Class ConstantQuantity to the Class ConstantQuantity.
A Class containing Attributes that are specific to participants in a Contest. In particular, these Attributes indicate the position of one of the agents in the Contest with respect to other agent(s) in the Contest. Some examples of these Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc.
Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline.
A set of Words in a Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the Language.
Any SelfConnectedObject that expresses content. This content may be a Proposition, e.g. when the ContentBearingObject is a Sentence or Text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an Icon, a Word or a Phrase.
A Communication that involves the transfer of information via a LinguisticExpression.
Any SocialInteraction where a CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents attempts to make another CognitiveAgent or Group of CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples.
Any instance of Touching which results in a situation where the agent grasps the patient of the Touching.
Measures of the amount of information. Includes Bit, Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. KiloByte and MegaByte.
The Class of Processes where the agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly.
Instances of this Class express a state of the agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling.
The Class of Processes where the agent cares for or maintains the Object.
The Class of LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating.
Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions.
The subclass of Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the result CaseRole.
Any LinguisticGeneration which is also a Vocalizing, i.e. any LinguisticCommunication by a Human which involves his/her vocal cords.
The SetOrClass of Sets and Classes, i.e. any instance of Abstract that has elements or instances.
A topographic location. Regions encompass surfaces of Objects, imaginary places, and GeographicAreas. Note that a Region is the only kind of Object which can be located at itself. Note too that Region is not a subclass of SelfConnectedObject, because some Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another.
The subclass of Creation in which an individual Artifact or a type of Artifact is made.
An Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit.
The Class of Processes where the agent pierces the surface of the Object with an instrument.
A Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an Adjective or an Adverb.
JudicialOrganization is the class of Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations.
A currency measure. 1 UnitedStatesCent is equal to01 UnitedStatesDollars.
A FinancialTransaction in which an instance of Physical is exchanged for an instance of CurrencyMeasure.
Translocation is that class of Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the origin and destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary; Ambulating is a kind of Translocation.
A Collection of Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop.
Any Declaring that leads to one person being the spouse of another.
A ShoreArea is a LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A ShoreArea may comprise a variety of LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes.
LandTransitway is the subclass of Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground.
A Process where a SelfConnectedObject is separated into (some of) its parts. Note that Separating is different from Detaching in that the latter only results in the two objects not being connected. Note too that Separating is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are separated may or may not be moved from the location where they were separated.
A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the origin CaseRole.
Classes differ from Sets in three important respects. First, Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the Class of Humans. Note that some Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the Class of Abstract things is Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances.
A Phrase that has the same function as a Noun.
An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The TimePoints at which Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a TimePoint lasts.
An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a Character may or may not be part of a Language. Character is a subclass of SymbolicString, because every instance of Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element.
Any Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Processes.
An OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a ReligiousOrganization.
One KiloByte (KB) of information. One KiloByte is 1024 Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system.
Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see Encoding) into a Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers.
An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time.
A GroupOfPeople whose members all have the same age.
Any Process which is intended to result in Learning.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future.
Any IntentionalProcess where the agent tries to direct the behavior of another Object, whether an Agent or not.
The subclass of ChangeOfPossession where the agent gives the destination something.
A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an Object. Since every Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a Hole is defined as being a hole in something. Note that two Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts.
A relatively narrow WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc.
Any Process of assigning a Proposition to a Text, i.e. understanding the Text.
Administrative subdivisions of a Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries.
A TransportationDevice is a Device which serves as the instrument in a Transportation Process which carries the patient of the Process from one point to another.
The Process of assigning a name to someone or something.
Part of a Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning.
Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds.
Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus.
A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass Region in that a GeographicArea is a three-dimensional Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional Regions are not classed under GeographicArea.
An interval of time. Note that a TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals.
A EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities.
A Process where the agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that Detaching is different from Separating in that the latter applies to Substances, while the former applies to CorpuscularObjects. Note too that Detaching is different from Removing in that one or both of the two things which are detached may or may not be moved from the location where they were attached.
Instances of this Class commit the agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese.
A Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc.
The subclass of Committing in which a CognitiveAgent offers something Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a Transaction of some sort).
Any Substance that is the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that is created by Humans.
The subclass of Destruction in which the death of an Organism is caused by an Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the Organism would be the same in both cases.
An Artifact that is produced by Manufacture and that is intended to be sold.
Processes which involve altering an internal property of an Object, e.g. the shape of the Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location.
A FinancialTransaction where an instance of CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of Game.
A decision issued by a court with respect to a LegalAction. Note that a LegalDecision is the act of Declaring a decision of a court; it is not the act of judge or jury Deciding the merits of a particular LegalAction.
The Class of Putting processes where the agent covers the patient, either completely or only partially, with something else.
Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts LegalAction and JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a LegalAction are decided.
The subclass of Selecting where the agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities that are open to him/her.
A Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the Game.
Any TimePoint or TimeInterval along the universal timeline from NegativeInfinity to PositiveInfinity.
Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message.
The Class of all Months which are March.
One of the parts of speech. The Class of Words that conventionally denote Attributes of Processes.
A Device is an Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an instrument in a specific subclass of Process.
Converting content from one Language into another. This covers oral translation (i.e. interpreting) as well as written translation.
A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language.
A WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds.
SI LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a SecondDuration.
Any instance of Detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the agent grasps something which he/she grasps previously.
Any Process where a CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law.
A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer.
The coming together of two or more CognitiveAgents for the purpose of Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting.
The Class of all Months which are October.
Any instance of Giving where the patient is an instance of Currency. Note that this class covers both financing, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of UnilateralGiving, e.g. providing a tuition waiver and/or a stipend to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship.
Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered.
Roadway is the subclass of LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways.
The OrganizationalProcess of becoming a member of an Organization.
The Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century).
A SelfConnectedObject is any Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts.
A GroupOfPeople whose members originate from the same GeographicArea or share the same Language and/or cultural practices.
The Class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more Entities.
The class of IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the agent attempts to obtaina information (i.e. a Proposition denoted by a Formula).
Any heavily armed Organization that is part of a Government and that is charged with representing the Government in international conflicts.
The Class of all Months which are December.
A GroupOfPeople whose members bear familyRelations to one another.
A ConstantQuantity is a PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see MagnitudeFn) of every ConstantQuantity is a RealNumber. ConstantQuantities are distinguished from FunctionQuantities, which map ConstantQuantities to other ConstantQuantities. All ConstantQuantites are expressed with the BinaryFunction MeasureFn, which takes a Number and a UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 Meters can be expressed as (MeasureFn 3 Meter). ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see PartialOrderingRelation) with the lessThan relation, since lessThan is a RelationExtendedToQuantities and lessThan is defined over the RealNumbers. The lessThan relation is not a total order (see TotalOrderingRelation) over the class ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities).
Any QuantityChange where the PhysicalQuantity is decreased.
A Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a DiseaseOrSyndrome.
Vehicle is the subclass of TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination.
The Class of Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy Humans/Animals, StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by Humans/Animals.
An ConstructedLanguage is a HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication
The Class of Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one Agent to another.
The Class of Processes where the agent brings about a situation where the patient no longer functions normally or as intended.
A relatively short Text that either is unbound or is bound with other Articles in a Book.
OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an Organization.
A SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. Sets differ from Classes in two important respects. First, Sets are extensional - two Sets with the same elements are identical. Second, a Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a Set may occur more than once in the Set.
The spatial analogue of Planning. Designing a Collection of Objects involves determining a placement of the Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose.
The OrganizationalProcess of joining an EducationalOrganization as a student.
An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a LandArea may contain some relatively small WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes.
Machines are Devices that that have a well-defined resource and result and that automatically convert the resource into the result.
Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc.
Attributes that indicate the sex of an Organism.
Any instance of Currency that is made of paper.
A GroupOfPeople whose members share a belief or set of beliefs.
Enumerating something. The Class of Calculating Processes where the aim is to determine the Number corresponding to the patient.
Instances of this Class urge some further action among the receivers. A Directing can be an Ordering, a Requesting or a Questioning.
SI TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.
Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives.
Any instance of Translocation where the agent and the patient are not the same thing.
The Class of NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable.
The subclass of PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions.
A Class containing all of the Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case.
A subclass of ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written Texts.
A SocialInteraction where the agent and patient are CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment.
The Class of relations. There are three kinds of Relation: Predicate, Function, and List. Predicates and Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two Classes is that Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while Functions cover term-forming operators. A List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple.
The Making of an instance of Food. Note that this can cover any preparation of Food, e.g. making a salad, cutting up fruit, etc. It does not necessarily involve the application of heat.
An intentional move or play within a Contest. In many cases, a Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game.
A military confrontation between two or more GeopoliticalAreas or Organizations whose members are GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a War is made up of Battles.
The Making of Artifacts on a mass scale.
Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 Grams.
A SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more CognitiveAgents. Note that Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a ContentBearingObject, while Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message.
GovernmentOrganization is the class of official Organizations that are concerned with the government of a GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a subOrganization of a government.
Any Substance that is not the result of an IntentionalProcess, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally.
Transfer from one point to another by means of an Animal or Human.
Any instance of Getting that is not part of a Transaction. In other words, any instance of Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc.
Any Attribute that an Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another Entity or set of Entities, e.g. SocialRoles and PositionalAttributes.
(element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the Set ?SET. An Entity can be an element of another Entity only if the latter is a Set.
Spatial Relations are Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This includes mereological relations and topological relations.
(wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent.
(duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. Note that this Predicate can be used in conjunction with the Function WhenFn to specify the duration of any instance of Physical.
This Predicate holds between an instance of Entity and an instance of Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the Attribute ?ATTR.
Simply relates an Object to a ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the Object.
The causation relation between instances of Process. (causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of Process ?PROCESS2.
(authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
(resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that resource differs from instrument, another subrelation of patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the Process.
(instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that instrument and resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair.
(starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both TimeIntervals that have the same initial TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2.
(citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the Human ?PERSON is a citizen of Nation ?NATION.
A subrelation of represents. This predicate relates a ContentBearingObject to the Proposition that is expressed by the ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content.
A very general Predicate for asserting that a particular Object is measured by a particular ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this Predicate will be an instance of the Function MeasureFn.
(exploits ?AGENT ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a resource in an unspecified instance of Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations agent and resource.
A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation.
(employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried, hourly or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation.
A very general Predicate. (inhibits ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that the Process ?PROC1 inhibits or hinders the occurrence of the Process ?PROC2. For example, obstructing an object inhibits moving it. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
(patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of patients. Note that the patient of a Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the Process. The CaseRole of patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a Process.
A very general semiotics Predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The Predicates containsInformation and realization are subrelations of represents. Note that represents is a subrelation of refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names.
(agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, Eve is an agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple.
A very general Predicate. (prevents ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that ?PROC1 prevents the occurrence of ?PROC2. In other words, if ?PROC1 is occurring in a particular time and place, ?PROC2 cannot occur at the same time and place. For example, innoculating prevents contracting disease. Note that this is a relation between types of Processes, not between instances.
(refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that refers is more general in meaning than represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc.
A BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a ReflexiveRelation, a SymmetricRelation, and a TransitiveRelation.
(result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house.
(needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT.
This relation holds between an instance of Physical and an instance of TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that time does for instances of Physical what holdsDuring does for instances of Formula. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively.
Relation that holds between an Agent and an Object when the Agent has ownership of the Object.
The epistemic predicate of knowing. (knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that knows entails conscious awareness, so this Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge.
(partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of partlyLocated and exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located.
(attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red).
(origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine.
(leader ?INSTITUTION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?INSTITUTION is ?PERSON.
The class of names that uniquely identify an instance of Entity. Some examples of uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number).
A very general Predicate. (inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY.
A BinaryPredicate that associates an Object or Process with its value expressed as an instance of CurrencyMeasure.
(transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION.
An object is an instance of a SetOrClass if it is included in that SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness.
Similar to the capability Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/ demonstrated to some measurable degree.
(uses ?OBJECT AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified Process. This Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the CaseRoles agent and instrument.
Temporal Relations include notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension.
CaseRoles are Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a Process. CaseRoles include, for example, the agent, patient or destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain.
The basic mereological relation. All other mereological relations are defined in terms of this one. (part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the Object ?PART is part of the Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since part is a ReflexiveRelation, every Object is a part of itself.
Intentional Relations are Relations between an Agent and one or more Entities, where the Relation requires that the Agent have awareness of the Entity.
(publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express.
(editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT.
The temporal analogue of the spatial part predicate. (temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that TimePosition ?POS1 is part of TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since temporalPart is a ReflexiveRelation every TimePostion is a temporalPart of itself.
(material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a material of my computer monitor. Compare part and its subrelations, viz component and piece.
(names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the SymbolicString ?STRING as its name. Note that names and represents are the two immediate subrelations of refers. The predicate names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate represents is used for referring items that have such content.
A BinaryPredicate that specifies a TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular Object or Process.
A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which is also a subrelation of part.
(geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the GeographicArea ?PART is part of the GeographicArea ?WHOLE.
(located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no part or subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ.
(engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a properPart of ?SUPER. This relation is an AsymmetricRelation, since two EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other.
A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of Collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock.
(subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the Collection ?COLL2.
Some Artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this Predicate relates subclasses of Artifact and not instances.
(superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under MereologicalSumFn and MereologicalProductFn.
(subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both Lists have the same order in both Lists.
(geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; that is, ?AREA1 is an integral geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. dependentGeopoliticalArea.
(interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any superficialPart ?OBJ2.
A very general Predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists.
A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation subsumesContentClass should be used.
(subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a Proposition which is a proper part of the Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, subProposition is the analogue of properPart for chunks of abstract content.
A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of Substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part.
A BinaryPredicate relating two instances of ContentBearingObject. (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2).
(subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a Process.
(subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a Plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting Plan to the overall Plan in a particular context.
(subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an Organization which is a part of the Organization ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a ReflexiveRelation, so every Organization is a subOrganization of itself.
(properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a TransitiveRelation and AsymmetricRelation (hence an IrreflexiveRelation).
relates an Object to an exact copy of the Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location.
Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate relatedExternalConcept.
(connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2.
(consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time.
(legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means that ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2 are relatives by virtue of a legal relationship. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc.
This is the most general connection relation between EngineeringComponents. If (connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation connectedEngineeringComponents is a SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an IrreflexiveRelation; no EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection.
The ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be True.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the left, so that, if one object is to the left of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
The relation of common sense adjacency. Note that, if an object is Near another object, then the objects are not connected.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that an Agent is required, by some authority, to make true.
This is used to assert that an object is on top of another object, and it is derived from the up/down schema and involves contact.
The ProbabilityAttribute of being improbable, i.e. more likely than not to be False.
A TimeZone which functions as the standard time zone. It is also known as Zulu time (in the military), Greenwich Mean Time, and the Western European time zone. Note that whenever a TimeZone is not specified, the TimePosition is understood to be with respect to the CoordinatedUniversalTimeZone.
The TimePoint that is before all other TimePoints.
Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned height-wise with respect to another Object.
Used to assert that an object ?OBJ1 is close to, near or abutting ?OBJ2. This PositionalAttribute covers the following common sense notions: adjoins, abuts, is contiguous to, is juxtaposed, and is close to.
The TimePoint that is after all other TimePoints.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world.
Prohibition is the DeonticAttribute that applies to Formulas that an Agent is forbidden, by some authority, to make true.
This is a PositionalAttribute derived from the up/down schema and not involving contact. Note that this means directly above, i.e., if one object is Above another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the left/right schema. Note that this means directly to the right, so that, if one object is to the right of another, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
Attribute used to indicate that an Object is positioned width-wise with respect to another Object.
The Attribute of a CognitiveAgent when he/she is unemployed.
Attribute that applies to Propositions that are possible, i.e. true in at least one possible world.
An Attribute indicating that an Organism is male in nature.
This PositionalAttribute is derived from the up/down schema and may or may not involve contact. Note that this means directly below, i.e., if one object is Below another object, then the projections of the two objects overlap.
An Attribute indicating that an Organism is female in nature.