GUM 3
type: Ontology
comment: The Generalized Upper Model 3.0 (GUM 3.0) is a linguistically motivated ontology, which aims primarily to mediate between natural language and application components. It is based on the semantic perspective of natural language as described in Halliday and Matthiessen [1999]. Therefore the concepts of the GUM ontology are influenced strongly by the lexicogrammar of natural language and they are applicable in arbitrary domains. The complete model and all of its concepts and principles are described in detail in Bateman et al. [2006a], its underlying experimental linguistic results and language analysis are documented in Bateman et al. [2006b]. Currently, the Generalized Upper Model 3.0 is represented in OWL DL.
comment: developers: University of Bremen, SFB/TR8 Spatial Cognition, I1-[OntoSpace] http://www.ontospace.uni-bremen.de
version info: 3.0

SpecificMatter
type: Class
subclass of: SubjectMatter
comment: Distinguish between explicit focus on referent, and more general, diffuse reference (from MUM 1994).
disjoint with: DiffuseMatter

SubjectMatter
type: Class
subclass of: Circumstance
comment: Expressed as: be about, as in: "This document is about the entity hierarchy.'' (from MUM 1994).

DiffuseMatter
type: Class
subclass of: SubjectMatter
comment: Distinguish between explicit focus on referent, and more general, diffuse reference (from MUM 1994).
disjoint with: SpecificMatter

GeneralizedLocating
type: Class
comment: A concept for specifying the location of an entity in physical space, time, or in a more abstract space (Bateman, Rinaldi, and Henschel 1995, p. 33).
subclass of: Circumstantial
disjoint with: CircumstantialOther
disjoint with: Causal

Circumstantial
type: Class
comment: This class relates an entity to its cause, generalized location (in space, time, abstract space), or other circumstance-like entities (Bateman, Rinaldi, and Henschel 1995, p. 33).
disjoint with: Intensive
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossessionInverse
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossession
subclass of: Relating

CircumstantialOther
type: Class
comment: This concepts captures all Circumstantial configurations which are not
subclass of: Circumstantial
disjoint with: GeneralizedLocating
disjoint with: Causal

Causal
type: Class
subclass of: Circumstantial
disjoint with: GeneralizedLocating
disjoint with: CircumstantialOther
comment: This concept defines a Configuration, in which one of the participants is the cause of the other. Hence, one of the participants occupies the role "cause", and the other one "effect" (Bateman, Rinaldi, and Henschel 1995, p. 33).

SenseANDMeasureQuality
type: Class
subclass of: StativeQuality
subclass of: ScalableQuality
subclass of: PolarQuality
disjoint with: ClassQuality
disjoint with: StatusQuality
disjoint with: EvaluativeQuality
disjoint with: BehavioralQuality
comment: These are qualities that are sensed or measured by conscious beings. For example, this category would include qualities of age (young, old), of weight (light, heavy), price (expensive, cheap), etc.

StativeQuality
type: Class
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality
comment: Stative qualities hold regardless of any particular process. Dynamic qualities can be expressed using the present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form: ``X is being *quality*.'' ``John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic.'' Stative qualities cannot. ``*John is being dead/German/tall.'' These can take the simple present only.
disjoint with: DynamicQuality

ScalableQuality
type: Class
disjoint with: TaxonomicQuality
disjoint with: NonScalableQuality
comment: A quality is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying degrees. For example, `heavy' is a scaleable quality. We can describe objects as being `very heavy', or `more' or `less' heavy than other objects. A nonscaleable quality is either possessed by an object or it is not. `Empty' is a nonscaleable quality.
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality

PolarQuality
type: Class
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality
comment: A quality is polar if it has a corresponding quality describing its opposite or the absence of this quality entirely. A polar quality is not part of a larger taxonomy. E.g. `heavy'/`light', `dead'/`alive'. All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e. the possible values can be listed. For example, the quality of being mammal is part of some taxonomy.
disjoint with: TaxonomicQuality

ClassQuality
type: Class
disjoint with: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: EvaluativeQuality
disjoint with: StatusQuality
comment: This category may contain various taxonomies.
subclass of: TaxonomicQuality
subclass of: NonScalableQuality
subclass of: StativeQuality

StatusQuality
type: Class
comment: StatusQuality is a quality of an object, independent of the observer. For example, specializations of this category could be the quality LIFESTATUS which would be further broken down into the classes DEAD and ALIVE.
disjoint with: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: EvaluativeQuality
disjoint with: BehavioralQuality
disjoint with: ClassQuality
subclass of: NonScalableQuality
subclass of: StativeQuality
subclass of: PolarQuality

EvaluativeQuality
type: Class
subclass of: StativeQuality
subclass of: PolarQuality
subclass of: ScalableQuality
comment: Qualities which belong to this class are determined by some value system of some conscious being. Such a value system may be moral, aesthetic, or utilitarian. Moral qualities include `honest', `polite', `generous'. `Beautiful', `neat' are examples of aesthetic qualities. `Readable', `easy', and `thorough' are some taskoriented qualities.
disjoint with: ClassQuality
disjoint with: StatusQuality
disjoint with: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: BehavioralQuality

BehavioralQuality
type: Class
subclass of: ScalableQuality
subclass of: DynamicQuality
subclass of: PolarQuality
comment: Behavioral qualities are qualities which characterize the behavior of a conscious being.
disjoint with: StatusQuality
disjoint with: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: EvaluativeQuality

Female
type: Class
disjoint with: Male
subclass of: Person
comment: A object that is to be considered female, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes.

Male
type: Class
disjoint with: Female
subclass of: Person
comment: A object that is to be considered male, for, e.g., pronominalization purposes.

Person
type: Class
comment: A type of conscious being pronominalizeable by `she', `he', etc. rather than by `it'.
subclass of: ConsciousBeing

LessThan
type: Class
disjoint with: GreaterThan
disjoint with: Exactly
disjoint with: AtMost
disjoint with: AtLeast
subclass of: NumberFocusing
comment: A relative quantity ascription with respect to a higher bound.

GreaterThan
type: Class
comment: A relative quantity ascription that specifies a range beginning at some lower bound.
subclass of: NumberFocusing
disjoint with: LessThan
disjoint with: Exactly
disjoint with: AtMost
disjoint with: AtLeast

Exactly
type: Class
comment: A relation of focusing or restricting an attribution of quantity.
disjoint with: LessThan
disjoint with: GreaterThan
disjoint with: AtMost
disjoint with: AtLeast
subclass of: NumberFocusing

AtMost
type: Class
comment: An ascription of relative quantity that puts an upper bound on the quantity ascribed.
disjoint with: LessThan
disjoint with: GreaterThan
disjoint with: Exactly
disjoint with: AtLeast
subclass of: NumberFocusing

AtLeast
type: Class
comment: An ascription of relative quantity that puts a lower bound on the quantity ascribed.
disjoint with: LessThan
disjoint with: GreaterThan
disjoint with: Exactly
disjoint with: AtMost
subclass of: NumberFocusing

NumberFocusing
type: Class
disjoint with: Quantity
subclass of: QuantityAscription
comment: The relation of being more specific about a quantity that is being ascribed. This contrasts with quantity, which provides no additional information concerning the quantity apart from its value.

LessThanComparison
type: Class
comment: The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds less rather than more.
disjoint with: GreaterThanComparison
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: LessThan
  on property: attribute
subclass of: ScaledComparison

GreaterThanComparison
type: Class
comment: The scaled comparison that compares by stating that a quality holds more rather than less.
disjoint with: LessThanComparison
subclass of: ScaledComparison
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attribute
  all values from: GreaterThan

attribute
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The role played by the value in a Relating (HM 1999: 151).
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

ScaledComparison
type: Class
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
comment: A relationship of comparison of an object with respect to its carrying a specified property to a greater or lesser degree.
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription

ThreeDTime
type: Class
comment: A portion of time that is being viewed as of sufficiently large scale to need expression as if it were a volume within which thing occured (e.g. in 1966), rather than a plane on which things occured (e.g. on that day).
disjoint with: Present
disjoint with: Past
disjoint with: OneOrTwoDTime
disjoint with: Future
subclass of: TimeInterval

Present
type: Class
disjoint with: ThreeDTime
disjoint with: Past
disjoint with: OneOrTwoDTime
disjoint with: Future
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: A time interval taking place at present.

Past
type: Class
disjoint with: ThreeDTime
disjoint with: Present
disjoint with: OneOrTwoDTime
disjoint with: Future
subclass of: TimeInterval
comment: A time interval taking place in the past.

OneOrTwoDTime
type: Class
comment: A temporal object that is a time interval or smaller scale succession of time intervals, e.g. a day (in opposition to a year). This is clearly a matter of the perspective that is being drawn in particular cases.
subclass of: TimeInterval
disjoint with: ThreeDTime
disjoint with: Present
disjoint with: Past
disjoint with: Future

Future
type: Class
disjoint with: ThreeDTime
disjoint with: Present
disjoint with: Past
disjoint with: OneOrTwoDTime
comment: A time interval taking place in the future.
subclass of: TimeInterval

TimeInterval
type: Class
disjoint with: SpaceInterval
disjoint with: OrderedSet
disjoint with: TimePoint
disjoint with: Time
subclass of: OrderedObject
subclass of: TemporalObject
comment: A time interval.

MentalActive
type: Class
subclass of: Internal
comment: This is another specialization of actions concerned with mental processing. Examples of verbs which would fall into this category are: `convince', `please'. Also the verb `will', in the context: ``I will that something be the case''.
disjoint with: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Perception
disjoint with: MentalInactive
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Cognition

Internal
type: Class
comment: A communicative Configuration that projects ideas into existence (HM 1999: 136). At least one concious participant playing the senser role is required (HM 1999: 129--130). If this constraint is violated by an utterance, the utterance is grammatically metaphorical. E.g., ``I think I'll give it up.'' -------- There is also a role for the PHENOMENON of mental processing ().
disjoint with: External
subclass of: SayingAndSensing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: senser
  cardinality: 1

ReactionAndEmotion
type: Class
comment: An inactive mental process that captures an uncontrolled emotional response to something or some state of affairs in terms of its appeal. Examples would be FEARING and DISLIKING on the negative side, and LIKING on the positive side.
subclass of: Internal
disjoint with: Perception
disjoint with: MentalInactive
disjoint with: MentalActive
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Cognition

Perception
type: Class
comment: An involuntary mental process of perceiving a phenomenon.
subclass of: Internal
disjoint with: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: MentalInactive
disjoint with: MentalActive
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Cognition

MentalInactive
type: Class
comment: Concepts in this category describe passive, inactive mental processing. There are 3 subtypes of this category: Perception (e.g. `see`, `hear`, `taste`, `smell`, `feel`), Cognition (e.g. `think`, `believe`, `know`, `understand`, `realize`), and Reaction/Emotion/Affection (e.g. `love`, `hate`, `want`, `wish`, `fear`, `desire`.) MentalInactives do not normally take the progressive form. Recall that materialactions do take the progressive form.Passivization is rare for most of these, except in the case where the phenomenon is a noun phrase, e.g. ``Henry likes Mary.'' ``Mary is liked by Henry.'' but not ``Henry likes to go to the races.'' ``*To go to the races is liked by Henry.'' These also often form `reversal pairs'. One of the mental actions in the pair is active, the other is inactive (or inactive), e.g.``I *like* bananas.'' vs. ``Bananas *please* me.'' Other pairs are {fear, frighten}, {wonder, amaze}, {desire, attract}. Compare this to actions where reversal is only possible using passive voice.
subclass of: Internal
disjoint with: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Perception
disjoint with: MentalActive
disjoint with: Intention
disjoint with: Cognition

Intention
type: Class
disjoint with: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Perception
disjoint with: MentalInactive
disjoint with: MentalActive
disjoint with: Cognition
subclass of: Internal
comment: An Intention configuration has a mental process that captures the notion of actively pursuing a determinate aim. ---note: Reaction (2.0) becomes Intention (3.0) to avoid confusion.

Cognition
type: Class
subclass of: Internal
disjoint with: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Perception
disjoint with: MentalInactive
disjoint with: MentalActive
disjoint with: Intention
comment: Processes of cognition realized by the verbs `think', `believe', `know', `understand', `realize'.

NameOf
type: Class
disjoint with: PartWhole
disjoint with: Ownership
disjoint with: GeneralizedRoleRelation
disjoint with: AscriptionInverse
subclass of: GeneralizedPossession
comment: The relation that holds betwen a name and its bearer.

PartWhole
type: Class
disjoint with: Ownership
disjoint with: NameOf
disjoint with: GeneralizedRoleRelation
disjoint with: AscriptionInverse
subclass of: GeneralizedPossession
comment: This is a relation between an entity and its parts. It logically has two roles: WHOLE (the domain) and PART (the range). How this relation is expressed in the language seems to depend on the type of object that fills the WHOLE role. At the most general level, this relation can be expressed as: ``{Part} `be an element of' {whole} or ``{part} `be a component of' {whole}'', or "{whole} has {part}". (The latter is inherited from the superconcept GeneralizedPossession.)

Ownership
type: Class
disjoint with: PartWhole
disjoint with: NameOf
disjoint with: GeneralizedRoleRelation
disjoint with: AscriptionInverse
subclass of: GeneralizedPossession
comment: This is a relation between the owner of an object and the object. It has the same roles as GeneralizedPossession, but the possessor role could be valuerestricted to ACTIVEENTITY. Ownership may be expressed as ``{possessor} `own' {possessed>}' or ``{possessed} `belongs to' {possessor}''.

GeneralizedRoleRelation
type: Class
subclass of: GeneralizedPossession
comment: This is the generalized perspective on an entity that `has some relationship' with another. When no more specific information concerning available grammatical realizations is given, subtypes ({role}) of this relationship can be used to generate language of the form: ``{domain} has {range} as {role}'' or ``{domain}'s {role} is {range}''.
disjoint with: PartWhole
disjoint with: Ownership
disjoint with: NameOf
disjoint with: AscriptionInverse

AscriptionInverse
type: Class
subclass of: GeneralizedPossession
disjoint with: PartWhole
disjoint with: Ownership
disjoint with: NameOf
disjoint with: GeneralizedRoleRelation
comment: The inverse of the Ascription relation. ClassAscription offers an alternative to the subclass relation. For example, we may want to say "John is a democrat" without making John a subclass of Democrat.

GeneralizedPossession
type: Class
disjoint with: Intensive
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossessionInverse
disjoint with: Circumstantial
comment: GeneralizedPossession logically has two roles: POSSESSOR (the domain) and POSSESSED (the range). The notion of generalized possession is often expressed as: {possessor} `has' {possessed}. In general, relations in this category can also be expressed with a possessive form, e.g. `John's book', `Henry's sister'.
subclass of: Relating

ColorPropertyAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
comment: The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of color to an object.
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attribute
  all values from: Color
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription

LogicalPropertyAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
comment: ?? The type of ascription of property that ascribes a logical parameter to an object (like true or false).
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription

MaterialPropertyAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: MaterialClassQuality
  on property: attribute
subclass of: PropertyAscription
comment: The general ascription of a material world quality.
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription

PropertyAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: QuantityAscription
subclass of: Ascription
comment: The relation describing membership in the set of entities having a particular property. This is expressed by a property that can be used as a set descriptor. For example, ``The students are intelligent.'' i.e. they belong to the class of intelligent ones. Note that 'intelligent' is a quality. We need many specializations of property ascription corresponding to different types of qualities.

SizePropertyAscription
type: Class
comment: The relationship of ascribing a size to an entity.
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Size
  on property: attribute
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription

ProvenancePropertyAscription
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attribute
  all values from: ProvenanceClassQuality
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
comment: The relation of ascribing a provenance class quality to an entity.
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison

Color
type: Class
comment: A sense and measure quality pertaining to color.
subclass of: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: Size
disjoint with: Age

AgePropertyAscription
type: Class
comment: The type of ascription of property that ascribes a quality of age to an object.
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Age
  on property: attribute
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription

ModalPropertyAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
comment: The ascription of a modal quality, typically to a process.
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attribute
  all values from: ModalQuality
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription
disjoint with: UsePropertyAscription

UsePropertyAscription
type: Class
comment: The relationship of ascribing a use to an entity.
disjoint with: ModalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: AgePropertyAscription
subclass of: PropertyAscription
disjoint with: ScaledComparison
disjoint with: LogicalPropertyAscription
disjoint with: ProvenancePropertyAscription
disjoint with: ColorPropertyAscription
disjoint with: SizePropertyAscription
disjoint with: MaterialPropertyAscription

NonAddressing
type: Class
disjoint with: Addressing
subclass of: BehavioralVerbal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addressee
  cardinality: 0
comment: This BehavioralVerbal configuration has no direct adressee.

Addressing
type: Class
comment: It is mandatory for this configuration to have an addressee as a direct object.
subclass of: BehavioralVerbal
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: addressee
disjoint with: NonAddressing

BehavioralVerbal
type: Class
comment: This concept describes processes of configurations which fall in between classes of "material and verbal processes" (Bateman, Henschel, and Rinaldi 1995: 42). Including both, material processes that represent human behaviours ("moan", "groan", etc.) and which can be used like verbal processes (e.g. projection), and verbal processes (like "John is talking about the President") which do not share typical properties of verbal processes (e.g. projection).
disjoint with: ProperVerbal
disjoint with: NameEvent
subclass of: External

addressee
type: ObjectProperty
domain: External
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: Receiver of the communicative process, e.g. ``Henry told *me* that dinner would be ready at 6:00pm.'' This is called 'receiver' in Halliday and Matthiessen (1999: 130).

Know
type: Class
comment: A mental process describing the involuntary state of knowing that something is the case.
disjoint with: Think
disjoint with: Believe
subclass of: Cognition

Think
type: Class
subclass of: Cognition
disjoint with: Know
disjoint with: Believe
comment: The mental process of thinking.

Believe
type: Class
comment: The involuntary mental process of holding a belief.
disjoint with: Think
disjoint with: Know
subclass of: Cognition

Name
type: Class
comment: An accepted but possibly arbitrary label for some entity.
subclass of: Word

Word
type: Class
subclass of: Abstraction
disjoint with: UMSet
disjoint with: NaturalNumber
comment: A type of abstraction for the representation and expression of ideas.

NonVolitional
type: Class
comment: A nonvolitional process is one where the actor did not take, or is not expressed as taking, direct responsibility for the process.
subclass of: ModalQuality
disjoint with: Volitional
disjoint with: NonConditional
disjoint with: Conditional

ModalQuality
type: Class
disjoint with: MaterialWorldQuality
disjoint with: LogicalQuality
disjoint with: ClassAscription
subclass of: SimpleQuality
comment: Qualities of being able to do something, wanting to do something, having to do something, and so forth.

Volitional
type: Class
disjoint with: NonVolitional
disjoint with: NonConditional
disjoint with: Conditional
subclass of: ModalQuality
comment: A modal quality concerned with the actor's active decision or volition in the performance of a process.

NonConditional
type: Class
comment: A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are not conditional are expressed with modalities such as: "will", "must", "can", etc.
subclass of: ModalQuality
disjoint with: Volitional
disjoint with: NonVolitional
disjoint with: Conditional

Conditional
type: Class
comment: A type of modal quality. Modal qualities that are conditional are expressed by `would', `might', `could', etc.
subclass of: ModalQuality
disjoint with: Volitional
disjoint with: NonVolitional
disjoint with: NonConditional

Identity
type: Class
comment: The type of relation between entities that states that they are in some sense identical or overlapping. Sentences typical of this type of relation are `X is Y', or `X is mine'.
subclass of: Intensive
disjoint with: Symbolization
disjoint with: Ascription

Intensive
type: Class
comment: Intensive relations are those which ascribe a property to an object, or which identify or symbolize it.
subclass of: Relating
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossessionInverse
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossession
disjoint with: Circumstantial

Symbolization
type: Class
subclass of: Intensive
disjoint with: Identity
disjoint with: Ascription
comment: This category contains relations that hold between entities and other entities they `symbolize'. Concepts in this class logically have two roles: SYMBOL (the domain) and SYMBOLIZED (the range). One relation in this category is the relation between an object and a name which identifies that object.

Ascription
type: Class
subclass of: Intensive
disjoint with: Symbolization
disjoint with: Identity
comment: This two place relation captures the notion of membership in a set. In general, the domain (attribuend) will be filled by an object. The range (attribute) will be filled by a quality or by an object. Finer restrictions can be made based on the given attribute. This relation is typically expressed by the verb `be'. The inverse is AscriptionInverse. Note that this relation does not claim to be exhaustive.

ZeroDLocation
type: Class
comment: A point in space.
subclass of: SpacePoint

SpacePoint
type: Class
subclass of: SpatialObject
subclass of: NonDecomposableObject
comment: Space as a point.
disjoint with: SpaceInterval
disjoint with: Space
disjoint with: TimePoint
disjoint with: Substance

TaxonomicQuality
type: Class
comment: All qualities which are not polar are taxonomic, i.e. the possible values can be listed. For example, the quality of being mammal is part of some taxonomy.
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality
disjoint with: ScalableQuality
disjoint with: PolarQuality
disjoint with: DynamicQuality

NonScalableQuality
type: Class
comment: A NonScaleableQuality is either possessed by an object or it is not. `Empty' is a nonscaleable quality. A quality is scaleable if an object may possess it to varying degrees. For example, `heavy' is a scaleable quality. We can describe objects as being `very heavy', or `more' or `less' heavy than other objects.
disjoint with: ScalableQuality
disjoint with: DynamicQuality
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality

Conjunction
type: Class
subclass of: Extension
comment: A logical additive combination of two or more configurations; often realized by conjoining with `and', `also', `in addition', etc.
disjoint with: Disjunction

Extension
type: Class
disjoint with: Enhancement
disjoint with: Elaboration
comment: An expansion such that the first configuration is additive to the other in terms of information value; e.g., `he is too young and he doesn't speak the language' (HM 1999: 117).
subclass of: Expansion

Disjunction
type: Class
disjoint with: Conjunction
comment: A logical disjunctive combination of two or more configurations; often realized by conjoining with `or' or `alternatively'.
subclass of: Extension

CommunicativeAttitude
type: Class
subclass of: NonMessageOriented
subclass of: NonAddresseeOriented
disjoint with: AddressingVerbal
disjoint with: MessageTransfer
comment: CommunicativeAttitude verbal configurations are realized by means of a verb for which the addressee as well as the message cannot be expressed by a direct complement (e.g. "complain").

NonMessageOriented
type: Class
comment: A process of a NonMessageOriented configuration does not intrinsically require a message. If a message occurs it must always be indirect.
subclass of: ProperVerbal
disjoint with: MessageOriented

NonAddresseeOriented
type: Class
subclass of: ProperVerbal
comment: This concepts describes verbal processes that do not intrinsically require an addressee. If the addressee occurs it must always be indirect.
disjoint with: AddresseeOriented

AddressingVerbal
type: Class
comment: AddressingVerbal configurations are expressed by the use of verbs which take the addressee as a direct object.
disjoint with: CommunicativeAttitude
subclass of: NonMessageOriented
subclass of: AddresseeOriented

MessageTransfer
type: Class
subclass of: NonAddresseeOriented
subclass of: MessageOriented
disjoint with: CommunicativeAttitude
comment: MessageTransfer verbal configurations are usually realized by means of verbs having the message as a direct complement but the addressee as an indirect complement.

Wanting
type: Class
disjoint with: Striving
subclass of: Liking
comment: A type of mental reaction that wants to bring about some state of affairs or event.

Striving
type: Class
disjoint with: Wanting
subclass of: Liking
comment: A type of mental reaction that attempts to bring about some state of affairs or event.

Liking
type: Class
comment: An involuntary favorable mental/emotional reaction to some entity or state of affairs, or a process that presupposes a favorable reaction, e.g. to `want' or `strive' to bring something about.
subclass of: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Fearing
disjoint with: Disliking

Existence
type: Class
comment: A one-place relation found, for example, in ``There is a block.'' Note that the notion of `state' does not come out as a category of special status in the upper model. Instead, what we may think of as state is spread out over several concepts, e.g. relations and qualities. If considerations of inferencing require the notion of state, it will be necessary to recognize it as a separate category.
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: existent
subclass of: BeingAndHaving
disjoint with: Relating

existent
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Existence
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: This relation defines the only participant allowed in an Existential Configuration.

BeingAndHaving
type: Class
disjoint with: SayingAndSensing
disjoint with: DoingAndHappening
subclass of: Configuration
comment: A Configuration that relates its participants rather than describing an action of one on another. In contrast to DoingANDHappening, not input of energy is required nor is it always the case that there will be change over time (HM 1999: 132).

Relating
type: Class
disjoint with: Existence
subclass of: BeingAndHaving
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: domain
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: attribute
  cardinality: 1
comment: A configuration indicating a relation holding between two entities. A relating must contain at least a domain and an attribute.

GeneralizedPossessionInverse
type: Class
subclass of: Relating
disjoint with: Intensive
disjoint with: GeneralizedPossession
disjoint with: Circumstantial
comment: The inverse of the GeneralizedPossession relation.

Quoting
type: Class
subclass of: Projection
disjoint with: Reporting
comment: A Projection such the two configurations have equal status. The two have equal status as independent configurations; the projected configuration is thus projected as if it was still part of the same first-order reality (HM 1999: 111).

Projection
type: Class
disjoint with: Expansion
comment: A semiotic projection such that a configuration of saying or thinking (the domain) 'projects' another configuration (the range) onto a different plane of reality, that is, the `content plane', as in the reporting of what someone said or thought. The second is then dependent upon the first (HM 1999: 108, 111).
subclass of: MultiConfiguration

Reporting
type: Class
subclass of: Projection
comment: A projection such the two configurations have unequal status. The latter is on a second-order plane of reality (HM 1999: 111).
disjoint with: Quoting

MessageOriented
type: Class
comment: For MessageOriented verbal processes the message is an obligatory role, although the message may not always be expressed.
subclass of: ProperVerbal
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: saying
  min cardinality: 1
disjoint with: AddresseeOriented
disjoint with: NonMessageOriented

ProperVerbal
type: Class
subclass of: External
comment: Unlike BehavioralVerbal this concept describes a configuration with a regular verbal process. We distinguish between addressee-oriented (e.g. "tell") and non-addressee-oriented (e.g. "say"), message-oriented (e.g. "prove") and non-message-oriented (e.g. "inform").
disjoint with: NameEvent
disjoint with: BehavioralVerbal

saying
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: The information being communicated by a communicative process.

AddresseeOriented
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: addressee
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: ProperVerbal
comment: AddresseeOriented defines a process for which the addressee is mandatory. However, in come cases the addressee may not be expressed.
disjoint with: MessageOriented
disjoint with: NonAddresseeOriented

Part
type: Class
subclass of: PartWhole
comment: One of the participants in a PartWhole relation.

SpatialObject
type: Class
comment: The general concept of spatial objects, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided wholes, etc.
subclass of: SpatialTemporal
disjoint with: TemporalObject

SpatialTemporal
type: Class
disjoint with: Abstraction
comment: The generalized timespace object, under which all time and space objects lie.
subclass of: NonConsciousThing

TemporalObject
type: Class
subclass of: SpatialTemporal
disjoint with: SpatialObject
comment: The general concept of temporal objects, including all points, paths, volumes, undivided wholes, etc.

DispositiveMaterialAction
type: Class
comment: Actions in this category affect their actee. This category includes any verbs that describe an action on something that already exists, e.g. ``Eunice ate the cake.''
subclass of: AffectingAction
disjoint with: CreativeMaterialAction

AffectingAction
type: Class
disjoint with: NonAffectingAction
subclass of: DoingAndHappening
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 1
  on property: actee
comment: AffectingActions have an ACTEE role. They are always transitive, although they may be acteeintransitive. In this case, the actee is not specified, but is inferrable. For example, ``Henry hunts.'' In this case, we can infer that Henry hunts something in the category of `huntablethings'. AffectingActions can always have a beneficiary of the client type. This is expressed by the prepositional phrase: `for' client. Directed actions are further broken up into two subclasses depending upon whether or not the actee existed before the action occurred.

CreativeMaterialAction
type: Class
disjoint with: DispositiveMaterialAction
subclass of: AffectingAction
comment: Actions in this category create their actee. For example, ``Mary baked a cake.'' All actions in this category can be realized using the verbs `create' or `make'.

QuantityAscription
type: Class
subclass of: Ascription
disjoint with: PropertyAscription
comment: The relation of ascribing a quantity to an entity.

Quantity
type: Class
disjoint with: NumberFocusing
subclass of: QuantityAscription
comment: The relation of ascribing a quantity to some entity. This contrasts with NumberFocusing, which provides information additional to the value of the quantity being ascribed, e.g. a range bounded by some value.

Size
type: Class
subclass of: SenseANDMeasureQuality
disjoint with: Color
disjoint with: Age
comment: A property of size.

Age
type: Class
disjoint with: Size
disjoint with: Color
comment: A sense and measure quality pertaining to the age of an entity.
subclass of: SenseANDMeasureQuality

DoingAndHappening
type: Class
comment: A Configuration that requires the input of energy usually from one of the participants. It also involves change over time, such as circumstantial change, qualitative change, or change in possession (HM 1999: 132). DoingANDHappening includes both intentional actions, i.e. actions with a volitional actor, e.g. ``The mouse ran up the clock'' and happenings, such as Erosion and Disintegration, e.g. ``The wall came tumbling down.'' The role of this relation is: Actor. This should be value-restricted to simplethings excluding things created by mental processing (e.g. facts) and speech (direct or indirect). Material actions which are in the process of occurring are typically expressed in the present progressive tense. Compare the following: ``My watch says it is 4:30pm.'' vs. ``Henry is going to the market.'' Thus, a test for determining whether a concept falls into this category is to look at the natural way of expressing the concept. For example, ``The house collapses'' (nonprogressive) vs. ``The house is collapsing'' (progressive).
disjoint with: BeingAndHaving
subclass of: Configuration
subclass of: Class
  union of: Restriction
    on property: actor
    min cardinality: 1
  union of: Restriction
    on property: agentive
    min cardinality: 1

Configuration
type: Class
disjoint with: MultiConfiguration
disjoint with: Element
subclass of: GUMThing
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: processInConfiguration
  cardinality: 1
comment: A Configuration, or 'figure', is the basic fragment of experience that embodies one quantum of change (HM 1999: 128). It is the totality of all the Elements participating in some activity or state of affairs (Bateman, Henschel, and Rinaldi 1995: 13). Configurations are expressed at the level of the clause and potentially consist of three components: the Process itself, Participants in the Process, and Circumstances associated with the Process. A Configuration must contain just one Process. It unfolds through time.

actor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A transitivity function in a material clause; the participant always inherent in the clause according to the transitive model of transitivity. The process it participates in may or may not extend to affect another participant, the Goal. For instance, (Actor:) Henry (Process:) dove; (Actor:) Henry (Process:) kicked (Goal:) the ugly duckling.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

agentive
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A type of participant and generalized-means that captures the notion of causal responsibility for a process' perfomance.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
sub property of: generalizedMeans
range: Element

ElementOf
type: Class
subclass of: PartOf
comment: The inverse of the Element relation.

PartOf
type: Class
subclass of: GeneralizedPossessionInverse
disjoint with: OwnedBy
comment: The inverse of the Part relation.

NameRelation
type: Class
comment: The relation that holds between a name's bearer and that name.
disjoint with: Signification
disjoint with: RolePlaying
subclass of: Symbolization

Signification
type: Class
comment: Relations concerned with Signification are linguistically realized by verbs like "represent", "mean", "express", e.g., "green means go".
subclass of: Symbolization
disjoint with: RolePlaying
disjoint with: NameRelation

RolePlaying
type: Class
comment: A circumstantial relationship that expresses a restriction in which a facet of one of the participants in a process is relevant for the actualization of the process. The participation of a participant which is specified in, and has a definite participant function (such as actor, goal, senser, and phenomenon to the process) is restricted to a particular role, part, or function within the particular participant function being performed. It is frequently realized in English by a prepositional phrase with the preposition `as'; For example: ``As a president, he was terrible, although as a golfer he was not too bad.''
disjoint with: Signification
disjoint with: NameRelation
subclass of: Symbolization

NaturalNumber
type: Class
disjoint with: Word
disjoint with: UMSet
subclass of: Abstraction
comment: A type of abstraction referring to numerical value.

UMSet
type: Class
disjoint with: Word
disjoint with: NaturalNumber
comment: An abstract assemblage of elements.
subclass of: Abstraction
subclass of: DecomposableObject

Abstraction
type: Class
comment: Something which exists in metaphorical or qualitative space rather than in physical space, e.g., truth.
disjoint with: Substance
disjoint with: SpatialTemporal
subclass of: NonConsciousThing

GUMThing
type: Class
comment: The most general experiential category that can be expressed through the resources of the lexicogrammar of a language. UMThing corresponds to 'phenomena' in Halliday and Mathiessen (1999: 48).

OrderedSet
type: Class
comment: A set whose elements are ordered.
subclass of: UMSet
subclass of: OrderedObject
disjoint with: DisjunctiveSet
disjoint with: TimeInterval
disjoint with: SpaceInterval

OrderedObject
type: Class
comment: A type of decomposable object whose parts have an intrinsic ordering of their own; for example, the elements of a list, the carriages of a train, etc. (Used to be "Element".)
subclass of: DecomposableObject

DisjunctiveSet
type: Class
disjoint with: OrderedSet
comment: A set of alternatives.
subclass of: UMSet

SpaceInterval
type: Class
comment: Space as a decomposible set of points, intervals, or volumes.
subclass of: SpatialObject
subclass of: OrderedObject
disjoint with: SpacePoint
disjoint with: Space
disjoint with: TimeInterval
disjoint with: OrderedSet

MaterialWorldQuality
type: Class
subclass of: SimpleQuality
comment: Material qualities can be thought of as those qualities which are evident when the referent is looked at, weighed, measured, etc. Examples include: `heavy', `blue', `American', `readable', `efficient', `maintainable'. The referents of these qualities are things.
disjoint with: ModalQuality
disjoint with: LogicalQuality
disjoint with: ClassAscription

DynamicQuality
type: Class
subclass of: MaterialWorldQuality
comment: A quality can be stative or dynamic. A quality is dynamic if the entity possessing this quality must exert some effort in order to maintain the quality. Stative qualities hold regardless of any particular process. Dynamic qualities can be expressed using the present progressive tense, i.e. they can take the form: `X is being quality.' John is being clever/skillful/creative/enthusiastic. Stative qualities cannot take this form: *John is being dead/German/tall. These can take the simple present only.
disjoint with: TaxonomicQuality
disjoint with: StativeQuality
disjoint with: NonScalableQuality

Process
type: Class
comment: A Process is the linguistic construal of `goings-on' or events. Processes are similar to Configurations, but factor out Participants, Circumstances, and other elements. As such, entities classified under Process can be expressed as verbs and are frequently the main verb in a clause.
disjoint with: SimpleThing
disjoint with: SimpleQuality
disjoint with: Circumstance
subclass of: Element

SimpleThing
type: Class
disjoint with: SimpleQuality
disjoint with: Process
disjoint with: Circumstance
subclass of: Element
comment: An entity which may participate in a configuration.

SimpleQuality
type: Class
subclass of: Element
disjoint with: SimpleThing
disjoint with: Process
disjoint with: Circumstance
comment: Qualities are properties of SimpleThings and Processes. They participate in property ascription relations. Roughly speaking, qualities include anything that can be expressed as an English adjective.

Circumstance
type: Class
disjoint with: SimpleThing
disjoint with: SimpleQuality
disjoint with: Process
subclass of: Element
comment: Circumstances are often realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases. The kinds of entities that can be used as circumstances (places, times, etc.) can also serve as participants in the appropriate configurations. Circumstances fill circumstantial roles in figures. Most circumstantial elements embody some feature of grammatical metaphor. Of those that do not, the most usual are those of time, place, manner, quality and intensity. Circumstances are realized as adverbial groups or prepositional phrases. Circumstances expressed as adverbial groups come from the CIRCUMSTANCE hierarchy, while those expressed as prepositional phrases are represented as circumstantial relations [HM99, p. ].

Element
type: Class
disjoint with: MultiConfiguration
disjoint with: Configuration
comment: An Element is a single 'stand-alone' object or conceptual item (Bateman, Henschel, and Rinaldi 1995, p. 13). They are expressed as constituents below the clause. Elements fill roles of Configurations.
subclass of: GUMThing

MultiConfiguration
type: Class
comment: Formerly labelled 'sequence' (GUM 2.0), this is a series of related Configurations. Various sorts of Sequences are differentiated by the type of relation they enter into. Every MultiConfiguration consists of two ordered parts, a first and a second participant, which is a Configuration or a MultiConfiguration. Furthermore, MultiConfigurations are either Equative or NonEquative (HM 1999: 50).
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: alphaParticipantInMultiConfiguration
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: betaParticipantInMultiConfiguration
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: GUMThing
disjoint with: Element
disjoint with: Configuration

TimePoint
type: Class
disjoint with: Substance
disjoint with: SpacePoint
disjoint with: TimeInterval
disjoint with: Time
subclass of: NonDecomposableObject
subclass of: TemporalObject
comment: A time point.

Time
type: Class
comment: Time as a general undecomposable substance.
disjoint with: Space
disjoint with: TimePoint
disjoint with: TimeInterval
subclass of: TemporalObject
subclass of: Substance

NonAffectingAction
type: Class
comment: NonAffectingActions have no `actee', or the `actee' is not created or affected by the action. They are often (though not necessarily) intransitive. In the case they are transitive, the object is not affected or created by the action. Instead it specifies a range of the action. For example, ``I play the piano/ tennis.'' This specifies that I am capable of a typical kind of playing. All verbs of movement are examples of NonAffectingActions, e.g. `climb', `walk', `fly', `fall', `run'. Skills, such as `read (book)', `listen (music)', `speak (French), etc. are included in this category. In addition, the verbs `have' as in `have lunch', `take' as in `take a shower', `do' as in `do a dance', and `make' are in this category.
subclass of: DoingAndHappening
disjoint with: AffectingAction

actee
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A process participant describing the entity to which a process is `done', `carried out on', etc., e.g. "John took a bath". The verb carries no info about what the process is actually doing.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

LocutionReporting
type: Class
disjoint with: LocutionQuoting
disjoint with: IdeaReporting
comment: The projecting of one locution by another such that the projected locution is not equal to the other in terms of semantic status; they have different 'semantic weights' (HM 1999: 114) E.g., "Harriet asked whether she should feed the cat".
subclass of: Reporting
subclass of: LocutionProjection

LocutionQuoting
type: Class
subclass of: LocutionProjection
subclass of: Quoting
disjoint with: LocutionReporting
disjoint with: IdeaQuoting
comment: The projecting of speech by a Configuration such that the projected speech is equal to the other in terms of semantic status (HM 1999: 114). E.g., "Harriet said, 'Should I feed the cat'."

IdeaReporting
type: Class
subclass of: Reporting
subclass of: IdeaProjection
disjoint with: IdeaQuoting
disjoint with: LocutionReporting
comment: The projecting of one idea by another such that the projected idea is not equal to the other in terms of semantic status; they have different 'semantic weights' (HM 1999: 114) E.g., "Harriet wondered whether she should feed the cat".

LocutionProjection
type: Class
disjoint with: IdeaProjection
comment: A projection such that the range configuration is what someone said (HM 1999: 108).
subclass of: Projection

External
type: Class
subclass of: SayingAndSensing
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: sayer
disjoint with: Internal
comment: A process of communication with at least one participant playing the sayer role, and possibly an participant playing a reciever role (HM 1999: 129--130). The sayer is not necessarily an entity endowed with consciousness (HM 1999: 135).

SayingAndSensing
type: Class
disjoint with: BeingAndHaving
subclass of: Configuration
comment: Configurations that can project symbolically. Projective sequences, ie Projections, construe SayingANDSensing on two levels: the level of SayingANDSensing cum Configuration and the level of content of SayingANDSensing (HM 1999: 128--129).

senser
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The required role in an InternalProcess. The range is restricted to be a conscious-being (HM 1999: 130). ----unedited---- Examples include: `happy', `angry', `sad', `amused', `afraid'. Constructions involving qualities in this class can specify a fact as the cau--se of the mental state. For example, ``Henry was sad that he missed the performance''. ``Henry was angry because the train was late''. Note that such constructions are not possible with phenomenon-oriented-qualities. Some qualities fall into both categories, but are expressed differently depending on their classification. Compare: ``I am *amazed* that the earth is flat'' (senser-oriented); ``That the earth is flat is *amazing* to me'' (phenomenon-oriented). (Bateman, Henschel, and Rinaldi 1995: 64)
range: ConsciousBeing
domain: Internal
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

ConsciousBeing
type: Class
disjoint with: NonConsciousThing
subclass of: SimpleThing
comment: An active entity that is capable of producing information that may be ascribed consciousness; e.g. a person.

NonConsciousThing
type: Class
disjoint with: ConsciousBeing
comment: Some entities are just not treated by the language to be conscious. They go here.
subclass of: SimpleThing

NonAffectingHappening
type: Class
subclass of: NonAffectingAction
disjoint with: NonAffectingDoing
disjoint with: Ambience
comment: An action where something is happening. Also where the "actor" is not volitionally performing the action.

NonAffectingDoing
type: Class
comment: An action where the "actor" is one who intentionally performs the action. Verbs of movement, like "climb", "walk", etc., are examples of such actions.
disjoint with: NonAffectingHappening
disjoint with: Ambience
subclass of: NonAffectingAction

Ambience
type: Class
comment: A process describing an ambient condition, such as the weather, temperature, etc. The term "Meteorological Processes" is also sometimes used.
subclass of: NonAffectingAction
disjoint with: NonAffectingHappening
disjoint with: NonAffectingDoing

Ability
type: Class
disjoint with: GeneralPossibility
subclass of: Possibility
comment: A modal qualification of the process, with respect to the ability to perform that process; typically realized by `can'.

GeneralPossibility
type: Class
subclass of: Possibility
comment: A general possibility relationship is a modal modification of a process that indicates that the process may occur; it is typically realized using the modal `may'.
disjoint with: Ability

Possibility
type: Class
disjoint with: Necessity
comment: A general modal quality.
subclass of: NonVolitional

Elaboration
type: Class
disjoint with: Extension
disjoint with: Enhancement
subclass of: Expansion
comment: An expansion such that the two configurations offer different perspectives of the same thing. E.g., `it matters a lot; it plays an important role' (HM 1999: 117).

Enhancement
type: Class
disjoint with: Extension
disjoint with: Elaboration
comment: An expansion such that configuration qualifies the other; e.g., `it is autumn, so the leaves are turning brown' (HM 1999: 117).
subclass of: Expansion

Expansion
type: Class
comment: A multiconfiguration of two configurations such that they both occupy the same order of reality, and such that one adds dimensionality to the other (HM 1999: 117).
subclass of: MultiConfiguration
disjoint with: Projection

Space
type: Class
disjoint with: SpacePoint
disjoint with: SpaceInterval
disjoint with: Time
comment: Space as an undecomposable mass.
subclass of: Substance
subclass of: SpatialObject

Substance
type: Class
disjoint with: TimePoint
disjoint with: SpacePoint
disjoint with: Abstraction
comment: E.g., water, grass, flour, butter. The bounded region for substances is not in the domain of physical space, since they are in principle indefinitely expandable in space. Rather, their bounded region is in the domain of some quality spectrum (taste, color, texture, solidity, etc.).
subclass of: NonDecomposableObject
subclass of: NonConsciousThing

OneOrTwoDLocation
type: Class
disjoint with: ThreeDLocation
subclass of: SpaceInterval
comment: A spatial object that is either a line or a plane.

ThreeDLocation
type: Class
disjoint with: OneOrTwoDLocation
comment: A three dimensional space.
subclass of: SpaceInterval

Necessity
type: Class
disjoint with: Possibility
comment: An example of a modal quality.
subclass of: NonVolitional

ProvenanceClassQuality
type: Class
comment: Information that constrains reference by place, institution, social group or other social category of origin.
disjoint with: MaterialClassQuality
subclass of: ClassQuality

DecomposableObject
type: Class
comment: An object that is being viewed as being made up of parts that may be taken apart and are often given explicit linguistic recognition.
disjoint with: NonDecomposableObject
subclass of: SimpleThing

NameEvent
type: Class
disjoint with: ProperVerbal
disjoint with: BehavioralVerbal
subclass of: DispositiveMaterialAction
subclass of: External
comment: The process of giving something a name. It does not intrinsically require an addressee (non-addressee-oriented).

OwnedBy
type: Class
comment: The inverse of the Ownership relation.
subclass of: GeneralizedPossessionInverse
disjoint with: PartOf

Disliking
type: Class
comment: A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs.
subclass of: ReactionAndEmotion
disjoint with: Liking
disjoint with: Fearing

Fearing
type: Class
disjoint with: Liking
disjoint with: Disliking
subclass of: ReactionAndEmotion
comment: A mental reaction that is negative towards some object or state of affairs and which invokes fear.

sayer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The required role in an ExternalProcess; this requires a symbolic source, a concious or non-concious being (HM 1999: 130).
domain: External
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

NonDecomposableObject
type: Class
comment: An object that is being regarded as not possessing significant parts, or which is not to be considered decomposable for present purposes.
disjoint with: DecomposableObject
subclass of: SimpleThing

Raining
type: Class
disjoint with: Winding
disjoint with: Sunning
disjoint with: Snowing
disjoint with: Hailing
subclass of: Ambience
comment: A process describing a raining condition.

Winding
type: Class
comment: A process describing a winding condition.
disjoint with: Sunning
disjoint with: Snowing
disjoint with: Raining
disjoint with: Hailing
subclass of: Ambience

Sunning
type: Class
subclass of: Ambience
comment: A process describing a sunning condition.
disjoint with: Winding
disjoint with: Snowing
disjoint with: Raining
disjoint with: Hailing

Snowing
type: Class
comment: A process describing a snowing condition.
subclass of: Ambience
disjoint with: Winding
disjoint with: Sunning
disjoint with: Raining
disjoint with: Hailing

Hailing
type: Class
disjoint with: Winding
disjoint with: Sunning
disjoint with: Snowing
disjoint with: Raining
subclass of: Ambience
comment: A process describing a hailing condition.

MaterialClassQuality
type: Class
comment: MaterialClassQuality describes the quality of being made of a particular material, e.g. wood, metal, etc.
subclass of: ClassQuality
disjoint with: ProvenanceClassQuality

ClassAscription
type: Class
disjoint with: ModalQuality
disjoint with: MaterialWorldQuality
disjoint with: LogicalQuality
subclass of: SimpleQuality
comment: For this two place relation, both the domain (functioning as `attribuend') and the range (functioning as `attribute') are restricted to be filled by objects. This relation corresponds to the SuperClass notion. It too is often expressed by the verb `be'. For example, ``Henry is a teacher.''

IdeaProjection
type: Class
comment: A projection such that the configuration in the range refers to the meaning content of what someone said or thought (HM 1999: 108).
subclass of: Projection
disjoint with: LocutionProjection

IdeaQuoting
type: Class
disjoint with: IdeaReporting
disjoint with: LocutionQuoting
comment: The projecting of an idea by a Configuration such that the projected idea is equal to the other in terms of semantic status (HM 1999: 114). E.g., "Harriet thought, 'Should I feed the cat'."
subclass of: IdeaProjection
subclass of: Quoting

alphaParticipantInMultiConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: For binary relations: this participant defines the starting point of the MultiConfiguration.
sub property of: participantInMultiConfiguration

betaParticipantInMultiConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: For binary relations: this participant is dependent on the first participant of the MultiConfiguration. It usually extends the first participant.
sub property of: participantInMultiConfiguration

domain
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: One of the required relations in a Relating. Necessary for generation, but could be deleted later if the generator is changed.

NamedObject
type: Class
subclass of: SimpleThing
comment: Objects which typically have names.

ZeroDTime
type: Class
subclass of: TimePoint
comment: A point in time.

processInConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Configuration
range: Process
sub property of: gumrelation
comment: That which holds between a Configuration and a Process.

ElementList
type: Class
subclass of: Part
comment: A type of PartWhole relationship, such as that holding is between a list and its elements. It is the inverse of the ElementList relation.

PropertyOf
type: Class
subclass of: AscriptionInverse
comment: The inverse of the PropertyAscription relation.

precede
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore anterior and nonextremal. It is used particularly in tense reasoning by the grammar.
sub property of: nonExtremal
sub property of: anterior

nonExtremal
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relationship of temporal locating that is not oriented to the end points of an interval; examples of this distinction are: `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and `since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).
sub property of: temporalOrdering

anterior
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporalOrdering
comment: A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time. A type of temporal locating, a spatio-temporal circumstantial. Here one interval is said to be prior to another.

possessor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: This relation relates the configuration to an entitiy which possesses something (possessed).

participantInConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: gumrelation
comment: A Configuration is said to `contain' some number of entities that participate in its actualization. The manner of these entities is identified in terms of given role names. Participants in a process typically come from the SimpleThing hierarchy and are realized as nominal groups. Clearly there are some kinds of relations which will have actions or processes as their participants, e.g. causality.
domain: GUMThing

temporalOrdering
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporalLocating
sub property of: orderingRelation
comment: The ordering relation that can hold between points or intervals in time.

spatialCircumstance
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spatialTemporalCircumstance
comment: This describes the relation of two entites in space.

spatialTemporalCircumstance
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation represents all circumstantial spatial or temporal relations of any configuration.
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

difference
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: comparison
comment: A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out negative comparison.

comparison
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This category encompasses relations which indicate how similar or dissimilar two entities are. One subcategory is so-far discriminated: SIMILARITY. Difference could be presented as a further subtype, and equality could be a further specialization of similarity. Verbs articulated by this category include: `resemble', `differ from', `be similar to', `be different than', `be like', `match', `fit', etc. A grammatical characteristic of entities in this category is that they are symmetric, i.e. subject and object can be interchanged without passivization. Note however, that the passive form is still possible. For example, `` Henry resembles Joan. Joan resembles Henry. Joan is resembled by Henry.''
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

similarity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: comparison
comment: A sub-type of the comparison relationship that picks out positive comparison.

participantInMultiConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property defines the participants of combinations of Configurations. For more complex structures participants can also be MultiConfigurations.
sub property of: gumrelation
range: Class
  union of: Configuration
  union of: MultiConfiguration
domain: MultiConfiguration

temporalLocating
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The relationship between an object or process and its location in time.
sub property of: temporalRelation

temporalRelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: TEMPORAL-RELATION is often expressed using `be at'. It may also be expressed as a prepositional phrase beginning with a preposition such as `before' or `after'. Further discriminations select between these possibilities.
sub property of: temporalCircumstance

hasExtension
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An extension of an element. Ex.: "My aunt's teapot" (HM06: p183)
sub property of: hasModification

hasModification
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A modification of a participant in a configuration. This relation adds attributes to an element. It can be linguistically expressed as epithets, classifiers, qualifiers, etc. (HM06: p183).
domain: Element
sub property of: gumrelation

purpose
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Purpose captures the notion of why something was done. They may be motivational as with `reasons' but look forward rather than back.
sub property of: causalRelation

causalRelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Causal-relation logically has two roles: cause (the domain) and effect (the range). At this most general level, causality may be expressed as: {effect} `because' {cause}, or {cause} `cause' {effect}.
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

enablement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A type of generalized means; this relation refers to a possible enabling relationship between the actualization of some process or state of affairs and an entity, state of affairs, or other process.
sub property of: generalizedMeans

generalizedMeans
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A type of participant which can be agentive, manner, instrumental, or enablemenet. It is a generalized notion that refers to the abstract concept of the means for actualizing some process.
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

standard
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The standard against which comparison is drawn in a scaled comparison.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

inclusive
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the positive nature of accompaniment; an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured in addition to some other entity that accompanies.
sub property of: accompaniment

accompaniment
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation holds between objects which participate jointly in some process. Accompaniment may be expressed as: {independent-argument} `be with' {dependent-argument}; or by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `with' as in: {independent- argument} ... `with' {dependent-argument}. Note that it is not necessary for both of the participants to be aware of the participation. Thus both of the following sentences are examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Mary. (2) John went for a walk with his umbrella. The relation also allows for variation in both a positive and negative direction. For example, `without' is also a type of accompaniment, albeit negative, as is `instead of', which is an accompaniment of alternative.
range: SimpleThing
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

causeEffect
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: causalRelation
comment: This captures the relationship of one thing being the cause of another, the effect.

quantitativeTemporalExtent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporalExtent
comment: A quantitative temporal extent, e.g., "three hours". A relationship of temporal extent that is classified as quantitative. Quantitative here refers to a posited property of temporal relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of English. Absolute temporal relationships are taken to be unchanging with respect to the observer. A relative relationship is one that moves with the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.

temporalExtent
type: ObjectProperty
range: TemporalObject
sub property of: temporalCircumstance
comment: A temporal relation of specifying the time that a state of affairs or process holds (e.g. `for 5 years').

temporalCircumstance
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: spatialTemporalCircumstance
comment: This describes the relation of two entites in time.

instrumental
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: generalizedMeans
comment: Instrument is typically expressed as: `{verb} + with' where {verb} cannot be `be'.

compareQuality
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The slot in a scaled comparison that contains that quality with respect to which an object (the attribuend) is being compared.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

subjectMatter
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration
comment: Expressed as: be about, as in: ``This document is about the entity hierarchy.''

circumstanceInConfiguration
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: gumrelation
comment: This relates a Configuration to a Circumstance.
domain: GUMThing
range: Element

gumrelation
type: ObjectProperty
range: GUMThing
domain: GUMThing
comment: The most general property a concept can have.

temporalNonOrdering
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A class of temporal relations that do not impose any ordering on the points or intervals they hold over. Examples of these would typically be realized in English by the prepositions `in', `at', `on', etc.
sub property of: temporalLocating

greater
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here, the quality with respect to which comparison proceeds holds more rather than less.
sub property of: attribuend

attribuend
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: The participant in a scaled comparison whose possession of a quality is being compared.

carrier
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: domain
range: SimpleThing
comment: The role played by the thing that has attributes or is identified in Relatings (HM 1999: 183).

follow
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A temporal relationship of strict precedence; it is therefore posterior and nonextremal. It is an inverse to the precede relation that is used in tense reasoning by the grammar.
sub property of: nonExtremal

lesser
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A direction of comparison in a scaled comparison: here the quality with respect to which comparison proceeds holds less rather than more.
sub property of: attribuend

nonExhaustiveDuration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An nonexhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state participating in the relation is one which does not hold for the entire extent of the temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in English by the preposition `in'.
sub property of: qualitativeTemporalExtent

qualitativeTemporalExtent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporalExtent
comment: A qualitative temporal extent, e.g., "a long while". A relationship of temporal extent that is classified as qualitative. Qualitative here refers to a posited property of temporal relationships concerning how they are treated by the grammar of a language. Qualitative spatial relationships are taken to `move along with' an observer. This contrasts with absolute relationships which do not accompany the observer. As an example, the notion of `today', `tomorrow', etc. do not stand still and allow the observer to pass them by, they move with the observer; this is in contrast to the notion of a `Monday', which can come and pass the observer by.

temporalInclusive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: concurrent
comment: In a temporal inclusive relation, the first interval completely includes or covers the second (from MUM 1994).

concurrent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: temporalOrdering
comment: Concurrent temporal intervals overlap or occupy the same moments of time (from MUM 1994).

possessed
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: This relation relates the configuration to an entity which has an owner (possessor).

hasEnhancement
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: hasModification
comment: An enhancement of an element. Ex.: "This 18th century vase from Mexico" (HM06: p183)

prompt
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The information process preceding the recent communicative process.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

material
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: A participant role that carries information about the material from which an entity is constructed.

concessive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: causalRelation
comment: One type of generalized causation relationship. This relation states that some process occured despite some other event or state of affairs holding. It is typically realized in English by the preposition `despite' therefore.

client
type: ObjectProperty
range: Element
sub property of: causalRelation
sub property of: beneficiary
comment: The role of beneficiary where something is done for another person.

beneficiary
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participantInConfiguration
comment: A transitivity function in the clause, according to the generalized ergative transitivity model: the participant benefitting from the actualization of the combination of Process+Medium. In a material clause, it is the Recipient (My aunt gave *the farmer* a duckpress) or the Client (Pour *me* out a cold Dos Equis beer) and in a verbal one, it is the addressee (Joe told *us* all about Eve). It also occurs in a few relational clause types (I owe *you* an apology) and mental clauses (I envy *you* your luck; I don't begrudge *you* your happiness).

condition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: reason
comment: A conditional relation describing a more general reason relation, e.g. "if...then".

reason
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: causalRelation
comment: REASON captures the notion of motivation. Here the effect is volitional or intentional. This relation is expressed by terms such as: `since', `because'. Examples include: ``Henry went to the store because he needed milk.'' and ``since it was raining, Henry brought his umbrella.''

metaMessage
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The type of information, e.g., a story or lecture, being communicated by a communicative process (from MUM 1994).
sub property of: saying

processRange
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A participant role where the participant is not affected or altered by the actualization of the process, but instead serves more to define the nature of the process, e.g. "The car turned the corner.'' Here the corner is the range over which the process is occurring. The reason processRange is a subclass of actee is that the filler of processRange "acts like" an actee, i.e. comes after the verb without a preposition intervening. (Probably in conflict with grammar.)
domain: DoingAndHappening
sub property of: actee

recipient
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: beneficiary
comment: The beneficiary participant role of a material process.

extremal
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation of temporal locating that explicitly orients to the end point of an interval; this establishes contrasts such as `until' (extremal) vs. `before' (nonextremal), and `since' (extremal) vs. `after' (nonextremal).
sub property of: temporalOrdering

orderingRelation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The general relationship that holds between the parts of an ordered object.
sub property of: circumstanceInConfiguration

additive
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accompaniment
comment: One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some process. This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive and actual; it may be expressed by a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `as well as' as in: {independent-argument} ... `as well as' {dependent-argument}. The following sentences is an example of this relation: John went for a walk with Mary as well as Joan.

posterior-extremal
type: ObjectProperty
comment: (from MUM 1994).
sub property of: extremal
sub property of: posterior

posterior
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between intervals that specifies their order in time. A type of temporal locating, a circumstantial (somewhere under relational process) with range of a time interval and a commented out domain of a process. Here one interval is said to follow another.
sub property of: temporalOrdering

exclusive
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A subtype of accompaniment that picks out the negative nature of accompaniment; an exclusive accompaniment indicates that accompaniment occured at the expense of, or instead of some entity that did not accompany.
sub property of: accompaniment

alternative
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: accompaniment
comment: One type of accompaniment that may holds between objects which participate jointly in some process. This form of accompaniment states that the accompaniment is positive but replacing; i.e., that some object participated in a process or state as an alternative to some other. It may be expressed as a prepositional phrase beginning with the preposition `instead'. as in: {independent-argument} ... `with' {dependent-argument}. Note that it is not necessary for both of the participants to be aware of the participation. Thus both of the following sentences are examples of this relation: (1) John went for a walk with Joan instead of Mary. (2) John went for a walk with his blue shoes instead of his white ones.

hasElaboration
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An elaboration of an element. Ex.: "A cheerful Mexican kitchen" (HM06: p183)
sub property of: hasModification

range
type: ObjectProperty
comment: One of the required relations in a Relating. Necessary for generation, but could be deleted later if the generator is changed.
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

since
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: posterior-extremal
comment: (from MUM 1994).

phenomenon
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The object of perception in an InternalProcessing (HM 1999: 131).
domain: Internal
sub property of: participantInConfiguration

hasDisjunct
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The binary relation between a Disjunction and one of its disjuncts.
sub property of: gumrelation

hasConjunct
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: gumrelation
comment: The binary relation between a Conjunction and one of its conjuncts.

manner
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A circumstantial role of a process that describes the manner in which the process' actualization is achieved. Commonly realized by adverbs in English, although there are other possibilities also.
sub property of: generalizedMeans

result
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A particular type of participant relationship to a process: identifies the participant that is in the role of being affected, acted upon, or brought into being by the actualization of the process.
sub property of: actee

nonMetaMessage
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: saying
comment: The information being communicated by a communicative process (from MUM 1994).

exhaustiveDuration
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: qualitativeTemporalExtent
comment: An exhaustive duration is a relation which specifies that the process or state participating in the relation is one which holds for the entire extent of the temporal interval participating in the relation. It is typically realized in English by the preposition `during'.

DataRange
one of: High
one of: Low

DataRange
one of: true
one of: false