expression.owl
type: Ontology
version info: LKIF Core, version 1.1, copyright (C) 2008, the ESTRELLA consortium
version info: Partner contributions from the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the University of Bologna (UNIBO) and the Fraunhofer institute (FOKUS). Editor: Rinke Hoekstra (UvA) Authors: Rinke Hoekstra (UvA), Alexander Boer (UvA), Kasper van den Berg (UvA) Contributors: Joost Breuker (UvA), Rosella Rubino (UNIBO), Thomas Gordon (FOKUS)
version info: The LKIF-Core ontology, version 1.0, is part of Deliverable 1.4 of the European project for Standardised Transparent Representations in order to Extend Legal Accessibility (ESTRELLA, IST-2004-027665), http://www.estrellaproject.org The use of this ontology, and the OWL files through which it is distributed, is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), version 2.1 (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html) in as far as the copyright is not covered by additional restrictions of the ESTRELLA consortium agreement (info@estrellaproject.org). The LGPL license places copyright restrictions on the ontology itself but does not apply these restrictions to software that merely links with concepts defined in the ontology library. Please read the license restrictions before using this work.
comment: This file defines a number of types of what is commonly called a propositional attitude (PA). These relate propositional content to the proposition expressing the content. A subdivision of the propositional attitudes are the mental attitudes (see e.g. Cugola, 1996), types of propositions in the mind. Another category is the PA of an act of communication.
version info: This module is part of LKIF-Core, version 1.1, part of Deliverable 1.4 of ESTRELLA, IST-2004-027665
imports: role.owl

addressee
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Allows for expressing the relation between a communicated attitude and the Agent to which the communication act is addressed
range: Agent
domain: Communicated Attitude

asserted by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an expression being asserted to the assertion
range: Assertion
domain: Expression
sub property of: stated by

asserts
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an assertion to the expression being asserted
domain: Assertion
range: Expression
inverse of: asserted by
sub property of: states

attitude
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a proposition to the attitude held towards it
domain: Proposition
range: Propositional Attitude
inverse of: towards
sub property of: counts as

author
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an expression to the author of the expression (e.g. for expressions contained in documents)
sub property of: utterer

bears
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A Medium 'bears' or carries expressions.
range: Expression
domain: Medium

believed by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a belief to the agent holding the belief
range: Agent
domain: Belief
sub property of: held by

believes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an agent to the belief(s) it holds
domain: Agent
range: Belief
inverse of: believed by
sub property of: holds

declared by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a declared expression to the attitude to the declaration
range: Declaration
domain: Expression
sub property of: stated by

declares
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a declaration to the expression being declared
domain: Declaration
range: Expression
inverse of: declared by
sub property of: states

evaluatively comparable
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Expresses whether some thing is evaluatively comparable to some other thing.
domain: Evaluative Proposition
range: Evaluative Proposition
sub property of: qualitatively comparable

held by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a propositional attitude to the agent holding the attitude
range: Agent
domain: Mental Object

holds
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an agent to the propositional attitude it holds
domain: Agent
inverse of: held by
range: Mental Object

intended by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Specifies that some intention is held by some agent
range: Agent
domain: Intention
sub property of: held by

intends
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Specifies that the agent holds some intention
domain: Agent
range: Intention
sub property of: holds
inverse of: intended by

medium
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an expression to the medium it is beared in (i.e. for extentional propositions)
domain: Expression
range: Medium
inverse of: bears

observer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a believed observation to the agent observing it
range: Agent
domain: Belief
sub property of: believed by
inverse of: observes

observes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an agent to the thing it beliefs it observes
domain: Agent
range: Belief
sub property of: believes

promised by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an expression to the promise over the expression
domain: Expression
range: Promise
sub property of: stated by

promises
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a promise to the expression being promised
range: Expression
domain: Promise
inverse of: promised by
sub property of: states

qualified by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates something which is qualified to the attitude or qualification qualifying it
range: Qualification
domain: Qualified
inverse of: qualifies

qualifies
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an evaluative attitude or qualification to the proposition or thing being qualified
domain: Qualification
range: Qualified

stated by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a statement to its author
range: Communicated Attitude
sub property of: attitude

states
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an author to its statements
domain: Communicated Attitude
inverse of: stated by
sub property of: towards

towards
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A towards relation between a propositional attitude and a proposition expresses that the attitude is held towards that proposition. Qualification of the proposition can be either true or false, i.e. the attitude denotes whether the proposition is either true or false.
range: Proposition
domain: Propositional Attitude
sub property of: imposed on

utterer
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an utterance (communicated propositional attitude) to its utterer
range: Agent
domain: Communicated Attitude
sub property of: held by
inverse of: utters

utters
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates an agent to its utterance(s)
domain: Agent
range: Communicated Attitude
sub property of: holds

Action
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#1
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#3
comment: NOTE (OWL 1.1) the action may actually be 'part of' the intention of the agent, that is: intends some (expression:Intention and Self)

Reaction
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#11
comment: NOTE: question remains whether some observation is also a *requirement* of the reaction. Furthermore, the current definition ensures that the observed action becomes a top:Mental_Object (i.e. it is internalised).

Argument
type: Class
subclass of: Reason
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#25
comment: An argument is a reason that is expressed through some medium

Assertion
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#30
subclass of: Communicated Attitude
comment: The assertion is subject to a fit between words and world, in Searle's terms. It's propositional content can be true of false. If it is inconsistent with other assertions, beliefs, observations, it may come to be considered false.

Assumption
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#31
comment: proposes something that usually is the case, although there is no specific evidence that it is true in this particular case

Belief
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#36
subclass of: Propositional Attitude
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#37
comment: Someting an agent 'believes in', i.e. holds as true

Cause
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
comment: A cause is an epistemic role played by something which is the outcome of a (chain) of processes

Communicated Attitude
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#38
subclass of: Propositional Attitude
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#39
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#40
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#41
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#42
comment: A communictated attitude is a propositional attitude involved in an act of communication.

Declaration
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#43
subclass of: Communicated Attitude
comment: Searle: the successful performance of a declaration is sufficient to bring about the fit between words and world, to make the propositional content true. In other words, if there is an inconsistency between the declaration and assertions, beliefs, or observations, it is not the declaration that is false. True of definitions and norms, and several other performative statements by legislators.

Desire
type: Class
subclass of: Propositional Attitude
comment: A feeling of wanting

Document
type: Class
subclass of: Medium
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#44
comment: A Document bears some (and only) expression(s) stated by some statement in writing.

Evaluative Attitude
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#49
subclass of: Propositional Attitude
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#50
comment: An evaluative attitude expresses e.g. a judgment. The proposition qualified by the evaluative attitude is comparable to something else.

Evaluative Proposition
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#51
subclass of: Proposition
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#52
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#53
comment: Some thing which is evaluatively qualified, i.e. an evaluation applies to the proposition, the proposition is judged. The proposition is comparable to some other proposition.

Evidence
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#54
comment: Observation and/or statement, used as a backing for a belief. Evidence is the role of observation which is qualified by some belief.

Exception
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#61
comment: An exception is something that is excluded from a general statement or does not follow a rule. In LKIF rules, an exception is a rule which has an exception relation to another rule (cf. Deliverable 1.1)

Expectation
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#62
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#65
disjoint with: Observation
comment: An expectation is a predictive belief held on purely logical grounds, i.e. not based on direct external evidence, like an observation or a statement by another agent. It is also often characterized as a "belief about the future", but this isn't very helpful since one may also hold expectations about the (yet unknown) past. The theory of evolution is for instance a fertile ground for predictions about the existence of past species, and therefore at the same a predictor of future observations.
comment: Is not only not an observation by itself, but also the thing being expected cannot be an observation in any sense

Expression
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#70
subclass of: Proposition
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#71
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#72
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#73
comment: An expression is a proposition beared by some medium, e.g. a document, and is stated by some communicated attitude

Fact
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#74
comment: A fact is a proposition (about something) which is (commonly) agreed upon to hold as true: it has some backing in evidence

Intention
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#81
subclass of: Propositional Attitude
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#82
comment: Intention is where the agent expects certain consequences of his or her actions and desires those consequences to occur. This concept must be related to qualification and preference in some way.

Lie
type: Class
subclass of: Assertion
comment: An assertion that is inconsistent with the beliefs of the speaker. It is *intentionally* false.

Medium
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#83
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#84
comment: A medium is a bearer of expressions, i.e. externalised propositions. Propositions become expressions once they are externalised through some medium.

Observation
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#85
subclass of: Epistemic Role
comment: An observation is the role played by some proposition believed to be true or false through observation of an agent.

Problem
type: Class
subclass of: Observation
comment: A problem is an observation that deviates from an Intention.
comment: NOTE: This currently cannot be expressed: OWL DL does not support negation of properties. The definition will be further elaborated once OWL 1.1 is supported by development tools.

Promise
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#88
subclass of: Communicated Attitude
comment: A promise is a communicated attitude about some future action or state

Proposition
type: Class
subclass of: Mental Object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#89
comment: A (non logical) proposition is a proposition qualified by a propositional attitude. NB: The proposition used here does not correspond to a proposition in proposition logics.
comment: NOTE: In previous versions of this ontology, this class was called 'Qualified'. In lieu of the separation between Proposition and Propositional_Attitude, the intended meaning of that class has been moved to 'Evaluative_Proposition'

Propositional Attitude
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#90
subclass of: Mental Object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#91
comment: A propositional attitude connects a person (the holder of the attitude) to some proposition, in fact it expresses some qualification over the proposition. Distinguishing a proposition from the propositional content expressed by it is necessary when properties relating to the thing expressed and properties of the expression itself must be distinguished. For LKIF the distinction between Belief, Intention, Qualification, and Observation is relevant. The distinction between belief/expectation, intention, and observation is relevant for i.a. establishing mens rea (guilty mind). The distinction between beliefs (expressing the content of the mind of an agent) and statements (expressing the content of an act of communication by an agent) is classical.

Qualification
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#92
subclass of: Mental Object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#93
comment: A qualification expresses e.g. a judgment. The thing qualified by the qualification is comparable to something else.

Qualified
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#94
subclass of: Thing
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#95
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#96
comment: Something that is qualified by some qualification

Reason
type: Class
subclass of: Epistemic Role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#97
comment: Teleological counterpart of cause

Speech Act
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#102
subclass of: Creation
comment: A speech act (or illocutionary act) creates some propositional attitude which qualifies an expression (which by default is mediated through some medium). The actor of the speech act is the utterer of the atitude (NB cannot be expressed in OWL DL).

Statement In Writing
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#103
subclass of: Communicated Attitude
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/9cacf4f81d1c8d1275b30865e8645b27#108
comment: Not to be confused with the actual writing/document itself, which is the medium of the statement.

Surprise
type: Class
subclass of: Observation
comment: A surprise is an observation that deviates from an expectation.
comment: NOTE: This currently cannot be expressed: OWL DL does not support negation of properties. The definition will be further elaborated once OWL 1.1 is supported by development tools.