InformationObjects.owl
type: Ontology
comment: Imports: Extended DnS
imports: ExtendedDnS.owl
comment: A minimal ontology of information objects and communication theory, plugin to DnS. OWL engineering by Aldo Gangemi.
version info: 397

phoneme
type: Class
subclass of: linguistic-object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#1
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#2
comment: A part of a word as it can be realized by voicing. A written information realization can be 'about' a phoneme (as in the case of transcription systems), but it does not 'realize' it. A phoneme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (description), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).

linguistic-object
type: Class
subclass of: information-object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#7
comment: An information object ordered by (encoded according to) a language.

word
type: Class
comment: A linguistic object consisting of a string (independently of its physical realization). Its topological unity can change according to its physical realization: as a written realization, its boundaries are blank spaces, as a spoken realization, sometimes is silence, sometimes not, and higher order features intervene. Grammatical entities such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc. are roles defined by a grammar, and words (or larger linguistic objects) can play those roles in a given language. E.g., the word 'share' can play both 'verb' and 'noun' roles in contemporary English, while the word 'come' can only play the 'verb' role in English, and the 'adverb' or 'conjunction' roles in Italian (but if we consider a word as only realized by phonemes, i.e. if we consider the oral realizations of 'come', there is no common word in the two languages).
subclass of: linguistic-object

voicing
type: Class
subclass of: information-realization
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#24
comment: An information realization consisting of uttered sounds. In natural agents, it always co-occurs with bodily movements.
subclass of: action

communication-method
type: Class
subclass of: method
comment: Any method used to enforce communication.

depiction
type: Class
subclass of: information-realization
comment: An information realization consisting of depicted images/signs of any sort (e.g. graffiti, drawings, inscriptions, pictures, sculptures, etc.), which are inscripted on a medium that lasts longer than the depicting act. It also includes any early form of inscripted iconic expression, which can be considered as original bodily expressions.

information-realization
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#47
comment: Any physical entity that realizes an information object.

narrative
type: Class
subclass of: description
comment: A description expressed by a text, and ordered by additional semiotic codes (narratological structures).
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#3

text
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#5
comment: A complex linguistic object, expressed according to a language and still independent from a particular physical realization.
subclass of: linguistic-object

diagrammatic-object
type: Class
subclass of: information-object
comment: An information object ordered by a shematic iconic code

grammar
type: Class
subclass of: combinatorial-system
comment: A set of rules for the generation of a (closed or open set of) information objects.

combinatorial-system
type: Class
subclass of: information-encoding-system
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#57
comment: An information encoding system that provides roles and operations to create valid information objects (e.g. grammars, templates, codes).

semiotic-role
type: Class
comment: A semiotic role is a non-agentive role defined by the interpretation function.It should be specialized within a communication setting by a role that is played by some entity in a communication situation. Semiotic roles are used to fill the universe of the so-called 'interpretation function'.Two of them are specialized by two communication roles (message and context).
subclass of: role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#4

communication-role
type: Class
subclass of: role
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#58
comment: The roles employed to characterize communication. E.g. the roles from Jakobson's theory of communication.

subject
type: Class
subclass of: description
comment: A domain of knowledge, typically expressed by one term, related to other subjects in a partial order hierarchy and with some topological properties; e.g. biology, sport, politics.

formal-system
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#54
comment: A code that orders the generation of information objects according to formally defined vocabulary, axioms, rules, etc.
subclass of: information-encoding-system

interpretation-situation
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#8
comment: The class of situations that satisfy the semiotic interpretation function (given an expression and a context, a meaning is provided).

semiotic-interpretation-function
type: relation
comment: Interpretation functions are descriptions that can include roles either for semiotics or for formal semantics.Here we only characterize a basic, simple theory of semiotic interpretation. Three semiotic roles are defined: s-context (semiotic context), expression, and meaning.It has complex dependencies to mental objects, social objects, as well as references to entities as such, but we currently prefer to put it here as a placeholder (a forthcoming ontology of mind should give some more detail on those issues). See semiotic roles for further comments.
defines: expression
defines: decoder-role
defines: s-context
defines: meaning
defines: encoder-role

expression
type: semiotic-role
defined-by: semiotic-interpretation-function
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#14
comment: Expression is a semiotic role played by information objects. It is used to fill the first domain of the so-called 'interpretation function'. It can be considered equivalent to the 'message' communication role, but since communication theory and semiotic theories are different, it is more correct to say that a message role specializes an expression role.

decoder-role
type: agent-driven-role
comment: A specialization of the interpreter role, played by the agents trying to conceive the description expressed by some information object created by agents playing the encoder role.
defined-by: semiotic-interpretation-function
type: communication-role
specializes: interpreter-role

interpreter-role
type: communication-role
specialized-by: decoder-role
type: agent-driven-role
comment: A generalization of the encoder and decoder roles in Jakobson's theory of communication, which should be played by an agent.
specialized-by: encoder-role
defined-by: s-communication-theory

encoder-role
type: agent-driven-role
specializes: interpreter-role
comment: A specialization of the interpreter role, played by creators of information objects expressing some description.
type: communication-role
defined-by: semiotic-interpretation-function

s-communication-theory
type: theory
defines: message-role
comment: Jakobson defined six functions of communication that are compatible with Shannon's theory of information. They are the 'message', here covered by 'Message-Role', the context, covered here by 'C-Context', the code, covered by 'Code', plus 'Channel', 'Encoder', and 'Decoder', which are introduced below. Message-Role, C-Context, and Code can also be viewed as playing a semiotic role (Expression, S-Context, Semiotic-Code). For a communication theory in general, we also need other components that are not specified in Jakobson's theory', e.g. 'turn-taking', governing the sequence of a communication process, 'communication parameters', governing the values that participants and events of a communication should have in order for the communication to be successful (i.e. for the communication method to be satisfied), 'conversational maxims' (superordered theories) that provide guidelines for communication to be successful, etc.
defines: interpreter-role
defines: channel-role
defines: c-context
defines: code-role

message-role
defined-by: s-communication-theory
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#15
type: communication-role
comment: The message role in Jakobson's theory of communication, played by information objects. It specializes the expression role from semiotic interpretation theory.

channel-role
type: communication-role
comment: The channel role in Jakobson's theory of communication.
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#16
defined-by: s-communication-theory

c-context
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#17
comment: The context role in Jakobson's theory of communication.
type: communication-role
type: description-role
defined-by: s-communication-theory

code-role
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#18
defined-by: s-communication-theory
type: communication-role
comment: The code role in Jakobson's theory of communication, which should be played by an information-encoding-system.
type: description-role

s-context
type: description-role
defined-by: semiotic-interpretation-function
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#19
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#22
comment: S-context (semiotic context) is played by descriptions and is a semiotic role. It is used to fill the second domain of the so-called 'interpretation function'.It may be equivalent to the 'c-context' communication role, but since communication theory and semiotic theories are different, it is more correct to say that c-context (communication context) specializes s-context.
type: semiotic-role

meaning
type: semiotic-role
defined-by: semiotic-interpretation-function
type: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#23
comment: Meaning is a semiotic role played by descriptions whatsoever. It is used to fill the range of the so-called 'interpretation function'.It is not equivalent to any communication function.
type: description-role

grapheme
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#28
subclass of: linguistic-object
comment: A part of a word as it can be realized by writing. A spoken information realization can be 'about' a grapheme (as in reading), but it does not 'realize' it. BTW, since spoken realizations are a 'primary' code of communication, the difference between direct and indirect spoken realizations (reading) is often ontologically understated. A grapheme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (description), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#29

writing
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#55
comment: An information realization based on conventional symbols. It is a secondary code of communication (secondary means that it is about an original bodily expression, i.e. a primary code). Therefore, we are not considering here early forms of iconic expression, which could be considered primary.
subclass of: depiction
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#56

communication-situation
type: Class
comment: Any situation that satisfies Jakobson's communication theory.
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#30

bodily-motion
type: Class
subclass of: information-realization
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#36
subclass of: action
comment: An information realization consisting of bodily movements.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#37

morpheme
type: Class
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#41
comment: A part of a word that can express a meaning.

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#46
type: Restriction
min cardinality: 1
on property: expresses

speech
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#51
subclass of: voicing
comment: Conventional sounds realizing explicit communication. Speech is a primary code of communication (primary means that is an original body expression, especially if first learnt).
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#52

classification-system
type: Class
subclass of: information-encoding-system
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/95c4643691f7fcfec58d336e1fbfabaf#53
comment: An information encoding system that provides rules for (ev. ordered) lists of information objects, e.g terminologies, subjects, knowledge domains.

iconic-object
type: Class
subclass of: information-object
comment: An information object ordered by a visual code.

semiotic-code
type: Class
subclass of: combinatorial-system
comment: A combinatorial code intended to ordering of information objects involved in the semiotic 'interpretation function'.

q-represents
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This relation supports the representation of conceptual regions by information objects. It is defined as a composed relation: an information object is expressed according to an information encoding description that maps a quality space. In other words, this means that a representation of conceptual regions within quality spaces requires an explicit conceptualization of the dimensions operating in the quality space. In still other words, a quality space can be mapped to a theory, which can be reified as a special kind of 'information encoding description'.
range: region
inverse of: q-represented-by
domain: information-object
sub property of: mediated-relation

refers-to
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Referring to something is assumed here under a 'negotiated reference' approach, i.e. agents refer to entities by conceiving a description appropriate to context.
inverse of: referred-by
domain: agent
range: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation

broader-than
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: narrower-than
sub property of: proper-part
domain: subject
range: subject
comment: The proper part relation between subjects.

metonymically-mapped-to
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: matonymical-mapping-of
sub property of: mapped-to
comment: Any entity e1 is metonymically mapped to any other entity e2 when one of the concepts that classify e1, e.g. c1, is contextually augmented by another concept c2 from the same description as c1.

mapped-to
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: mediated-relation
range: particular
comment: Any entity e1 is mapped to any other entity e2 when one of the concepts that classify e1, e.g. c1, is contextually augmented by another concept c2 from either the same description as c1 (metonymy), or from another description (metaphor).
domain: particular
inverse of: mapping-of

metaphorically-mapped-to
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: metaphorical-mapping.of
comment: Any entity e1 is metaphorically mapped to any other entity e2 when one of the concepts that classify e1, e.g. c1, is contextually augmented by another concept c2 from another description.
sub property of: mapped-to

prototype
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: particular
comment: The relation between an entity (playing the role of example, sample, prototype, master, etc.), and another that has all the properties of the first (or a given set of them), except space-time.
inverse of: prototype-for

identifies
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Being about an antity with the main purpose of conventionally naming that entity. Typically, proper nouns identify entities.
inverse of: identified-by
sub property of: about