DLP397seres070612.owl
type: Ontology
version info: The basis of this ontology is DOLCE Lite, Version 397. Note: The original author of the OWL-version of DOLCE (called DOLCE Lite Plus) is Aldo Gangemi and colleagues. Currently, only the DOLCE-Lite 397 module is contained in this ontology. This ontology a modification of the DOLCE-Lite-Plus ontology. The original can be found under http://www.loa-cnr.it/DOLCE.html
version info: Version 1.0. June 2007
version info: Authors: Florian Probst, Martin Espeter, Eike Hinderk Juerrens

quality-region-role
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: region-role-is-played-by-r
  all values from: quality-region
subclass of: region-role
comment: _c: A quality region role can only be played by a quality region.

region-role-is-played-by-r
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A region role can only be played by regions.
range: region
inverse of: r-plays-role
sub property of: role-is-played-by
domain: region-role

quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-location-of
  all values from: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: quality-space
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-mapped-by-rr
  all values from: reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: quality-space
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: reference-region
  on property: qr-is-mapped-by-rr
comment: _c: A quality region quantifies a quality. A quality is located at a quality region, thus a quality region is the extent of the quality. A child's body for example has a height quality. This height quality is located in a height quality region. While the child's body is growing, its height quality stays the same quality, yet its location in the height quality space changes. The quality is located at a different quality region, or magnitude. In other words, the quality changes its value. Natural language is often not specific whether a quality is located at an atomic quality region (a single magnitude) or a non-atomic quality region (a magnitude range). Every quality region can only have quality regions as parts and must itself be part of a quality space.

region-role
type: Class
comment: _c: A region role is a role that can only be played by regions.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: region-role-is-played-by-r
  all values from: region
subclass of: role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-indirectly-denoted-by
  all values from: information-object

rational-basic-reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs has-indirect-part rnarr-role
  min cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
  on property: rs has-indirect-part gr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs has-indirect-part fnarr-role
  some values from: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
comment: _c: A rational basic reference space is a basic reference space that allows the operations valid for ratio scales on its reference regions. Every rational reference space includes one non-atomic reference region that plays the role of a grounding region. Any grounding region in turn has an atomic reference region as part that plays the role of unit of measure. Except of the first non-atomic reference region, all regions of a rational basic reference space have region-extension-qualities located at the same magnitude. Put simply, all reference regions are of the same “size”. For example, having a ruler where the spaces between the marks on the scale are not equal is not useful.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: rs has-indirect-part rnarr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: one-border-st-basic-quality-space
    union of: one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
  on property: approximates
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: rs has-indirect-part gr-role
subclass of: basic-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs has-indirect-part fnarr-role
  cardinality: 1

rs has-indirect-part rnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: reference-space
comment: _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference-region (NA_RR) as part that plays the role of being a regular non-atomic reference region in that reference space (RNARR_IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
sub property of: rs has-indirect-part role
range: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
inverse of: rnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs

grounding-region-in-ref-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: reference-space
  on property: grr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
  all values from: median-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: unit-of-measure
  on property: grr-role has-indirect-part uom-role
subclass of: non-atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
  all values from: last-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
comment: _c: The role of being the grounding-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region. The central characteristic of a grounding region is that it is played by a non-atomic reference region and that is has as part an atomic reference region that plays the role of the unit of measure.

rs has-indirect-part gr-role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference –region (NA-RR) as part that plays the role of being a grounding region in that reference space (GR-IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
range: grounding-region-in-ref-space
domain: reference-space
sub property of: rs has-indirect-part role
inverse of: grr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs

rs has-indirect-part fnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: fnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
sub property of: rs has-indirect-part role
range: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
domain: rational-basic-reference-space
comment: _c: A reference space (RS) that has a non-atomic-reference –region (NA_RR) as part that plays the role of being the first non-atomic reference region in that reference space (FNARR_IRS-Rl). (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
  all values from: median-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: fnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
  all values from: reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role
subclass of: non-atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-reference-region
  on property: fnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
  all values from: last-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
comment: _c: The role of being the first-non-atomic-reference-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region.

regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role is played by any region that is part of an interval or a rational reference space. It has its region-length-quality located at the unit of measure and is neither the first nor the grounding region.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-reference-region
  on property: rnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
  all values from: reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
subclass of: non-atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role

one-border-st-basic-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c: One-boundary spatio temporal quality spaces are probably the most frequently used quality spaces when dealing with observations and measurements. It has a first atomic quality region (FA-QR-Rl). The first atomic quality region in a quality space is the smallest magnitude that exists for that quality. Even if we cannot measure this quality region, we still need to assume its existence. The notion "first atomic quality region" is needed in order to discretize continuous magnitudes. The OBST-QS has spatio-temporal quality regions (STB-QR) as parts. One of these regions plays the role of being the first atomic quality region (FA-QR-Rl) in the quality space. The quality space for volume is a one-border spatio-temporal basic quality space for which quantifications in terms of “smaller” or “bigger” are possible.
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space

one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-space
comment: _c: A one-boundary abstract quality space has a first atomic quality region. The first atomic quality region in a quality space is the smallest magnitude that exists for that quality. Even if we cannot measure this quality region, we still need to assume its existence. The notion "first atomic quality region" is needed in order to discretize continuous quantities.

approximates
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
comment: _c: If something can not be determined exactly, one can attempt to approximate it. The approximates-relation relates two entity where one entity serves as approximation of the other.
inverse of: approximated-by

basic-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A basic reference space partitions a quality space that is constituted by a single quality dimension.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: basic-quality-space
  on property: approximates
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: brs-constitutes-crs
  all values from: composed-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: approximates
  all values from: basic-quality-space
subclass of: reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
  some values from: basic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
  all values from: basic-reference-region

oneD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A quality that is located at a one-dimensional physical space region. For example: The length of a table edge. An edge does exactly have one length "value"  it is located at an atomic quality region. A 1D quality (e.g. length, depth) can be conceptualized to inhere in a 2D or 3D spatial feature. This results in a non-atomic quality regions at a time since the location of the 1D quality can not be clearly identified.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: oneD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
subclass of: spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
  all values from: oneD-spatial-location-quality

oneD-spatial-location-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A 1D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a one dimensional physical space region.
subclass of: spatial-location-quality

has-spatial-location-quality
type: ObjectProperty
range: spatial-location-quality
domain: Class
  union of: physical-endurant
  union of: spatial-quality
comment: _c: In the strict sense of our FOIS 2006 paper on spatial dimensionality of quality, only spatial features and spatial extent qualities can have spatial location quality. Here we relax this to allow also physical endurants to have spatial location qualities.
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
inverse of: is-spatial-location-quality-of

spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: spatial-feature
subclass of: spatial-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatial-feature
  on property: is-quality-of
comment: A spatial extent quality is a quality which characterizes the spatial extent of an entity. The most important characteristic of a spatial extent quality is that it has a spatial extent quality has itself a spatial location quality. A spatial extent quality is inherent in a spatial feature

spatio-temporal-particular
type: Class
subclass of: particular
comment: Dummy class for optimizing some property universes. It includes all entities that are not reifications of universals ('abstracts'), i.e. those entities that are in space-time.

particular
type: Class
comment: AKA 'entity'.Any individual in the DOLCE domain of discourse. The extensional coverage of DOLCE is as large as possible, since it ranges on 'possibilia', i.e all possible individuals that can be postulated by means of DOLCE axioms. Possibilia include physical objects, substances, processes, qualities, conceptual regions, non-physical objects, collections and even arbitrary sums of objects.The class 'particular' features a covering partition that includes: endurant, perdurant, quality, and abstract. There are also some subclasses defined as unions of subclasses of 'particular' for special purposes: spatio-temporal-particular (any particular except abstracts)- physical-realization (any realization of an information object, defined in the ExtendedDnS ontology).

physical-basic-quality
type: Class
disjoint with: abstract-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: Class
    union of: physical-endurant
    union of: physical-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: physical-basic-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: physical-endurant
    union of: physical-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
  on property: has-quality-location
comment: _c: A basic-physical-quality is inherent in a physical endurant or a basic-physical-quality. A basic-physical-quality is located in a spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region. The original DOLCE category was modified by extending the range of the "is-quality-location" relation to the union of physical endurant and basic-physical-quality in order to allow a spatial-extent-qualities to have a spatial-location-quality.

abstract-basic-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: Non-physical endurants and abstract entities can have abstract basic qualities. A central as well as a difficult characteristic of an abstract quality is that it can be located in a basic abstract region or in a basic spatio-temporal region. Different to the original DOLCE category, an abstract basic quality that inheres in an abstract entity (a reference region for example) can be located in a spatio-temporal quality region. This change allows to a "region extension quality" (an abstract quality) to be located in the same quality space as the quality regions it characterizes. For example, a length quality (spatio temporal quality) is located at a non-atomic quality region in a spatio-temporal quality space. This region (an abstract entity) has a region extension quality (an abstract quality). Yet this region extension quality should be located at a region in the spatio temporal quality space of the length quality.
subclass of: basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  all values from: Class
    union of: non-physical-endurant
    union of: abstract-basic-quality
    union of: abstract
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality-location
  all values from: Class
    union of: abstract-basic-quality-region
    union of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: Class
    union of: non-physical-endurant
    union of: abstract-basic-quality
    union of: abstract

is-quality-of
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
inverse of: has-quality
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: quality
comment: _c: The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities. We distinguish between unary qualities and relational qualities (relational moments). A quality inheres in some particular. A quality is the quality of some particular. For example, a table edge has a length quality or a cup as a mass quality.

physical-endurant
type: Class
disjoint with: arbitrary-sum
disjoint with: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  all values from: physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: physical-basic-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: physical-endurant
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
comment: A physical endurant is an endurant that has physical or composed qualities. Subcategories of PHYSICAL ENDURANT are PHYSICAL OBJECT, AMOUNT OF MATTER and FEATURE. For the full axiomatization we refer to (Masolo, Borgo, Gangemi et al. 2003).

has-quality
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) The immediate relation holding for qualities and entities. We distinguish between unary qualities and relational qualities (relational moments). A quality inheres in some particular. A quality is the quality of some particular. For example, a table edge has a length quality or a cup as a mass quality.
domain: particular
inverse of: is-quality-of
range: quality
sub property of: immediate-relation-i

spatio-temporal-basic-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A spatio temporal quality is inherent in either an physical endurant or a perdurant. We introduce this subcategory of basic quality to separate qualities that can be directly perceived or measured with physical measurement devices from those qualities that can not be perceived or measured directly.
subclass of: basic-quality

spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: physical-basic-quality
    union of: temporal-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-location-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
  all values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
subclass of: basic-quality-region
comment: _c: Physical and temporal qualities can only be located at spatio temporal quality regions. A quality region can be approximated by either human senses or any technical sensor or measurement device. Every basic quality that can be perceived in physical reality has a magnitude that is a region in a basic spatio-temporal quality region. The main difference between spatio-temporal regions and abstract regions is that spatio-temporal regions are the extent of some perceivable, physical or temporal quality. (Most) abstract regions rely on convention. They cannot be perceived neither by a human agent’s senses nor by any physical observation device. They are "cognized".

has-quality-location
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality-region
domain: quality
sub property of: location
inverse of: is-quality-location-of
comment: _c: A quality is located in a quality region of a quality space. In other words the "value" of the quality is a quality region. From this follows, that the absolute "value" of some quality is an atomic region (aka: a point in the quality space). Since human senses and mechanical measurement devices are not able to determine this absolute extent or value of some quality, we identify a non-atomic region from which we know that the absolute “value” (the atomic quality region) is contained within. We distinguish between non-atomic quality regions and atomic quality regions. If a quality is conceptualized to be located at an atomic quality region, then the quality has one exact “value”. If the quality is conceptualized to be located at a non-atomic region, the quality does entertain a value range.
version info: TODO: This property is causing inconsistencies when placed as sub-class of dol:location.

reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: A reference space has as parts reference regions. A reference space as a whole partitions a quality space. Thus the reference regions of the reference space serve to partition a quality space in a reproducible manner. We take reference regions as a requirement for establishing communication about quality regions. The selection of the reference space appropriate for a certain communication process is in most cases done implicitly. The presented theory allows to make this selection process explicit. A reference region is denoted by some information object (a symbol). Which symbol is used to denote that reference region is made explicit via the is-denoted relation. /XYZ/ and /1m/ can have the same meaning if they are used to denote the same reference region. Any reference region necessarily maps a quality region. Reference regions serve two purposes: 1. They map some non-atomic quality region of some quality space. Since the reference space partitions the quality space exhaustively, any reference region maps on some quality region. This in turn does not imply that some quality exists that has its quality location at any of the mapped quality regions. 2. They approximate absolute magnitudes of some quality under investigation. An approximation process can be seen as intrinsically tied to any observation process. Trivially, only existing qualities can be measured. This is, only for existing qualities, a reference region can be identified that approximates the magnitude (atomic quality region) of the observed quality.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: reference-space
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: reference-space
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: approximates
  some values from: quality-region
subclass of: region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: quality-region
  on property: approximates
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: information-object
  on property: is-denoted-by

reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
  all values from: reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-partitions-qs
  all values from: quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: quality-space
  on property: rs-partitions-qs
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: reference-region
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
  on property: rs has-indirect-part gr-role
subclass of: abstract
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs has-indirect-part rnarr-role
  all values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
comment: _c: A reference space has the purpose of approximating a quality space. A reference space is the sum of all its reference regions. A reference space has reference regions as parts. A reference space has the same structure as the quality space it approximates. For example, only one-dimensional reference spaces can approximate one-dimensional quality spaces. The emerging characteristics of a reference space are the operations one can perform on its regions. This leads to ordinal, interval and rational reference spaces. A quality space can not carry such characteristics. A reference space turns a quality space into a communicable structure. Within each reference space a certain number (depending on kind and number of the involved basic quality spaces) of atomic reference regions are grounded by atomic quality regions. These atomic reference regions are named und one of them plays the role of the unit of measure in the reference space (see unit of measure).

rr-is-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A reference space has as part a reference region.
domain: reference-region
sub property of: is-part-of
range: reference-space
inverse of: rs-has-part-rr

region
type: Class
comment: _c: A region is an abstract entity. Regions in the typical geographic sense are special cases of the category REGION introduced in this ontology. A region directly stands for the extent, or value, of some quality. Understanding a region as location of a quality is equivalent to assigning a magnitude to that quality. All atomic regions (or precisely, the mereological sum of all regions) that are associated to the same quality type form a quality space. For example, the weight of a certain apple is considered to be an atomic region in a quality space for weight. The qualities of regions are region abstract qualities.
comment: dolce: We distinguish between a quality (e.g., the color of a specific rose), and its value (e.g., a particular shade of red). The latter is called quale, and describes the position of an individual quality within a certain conceptual space (called here quality space) Gardenfors (2000). So when we say that two roses have (exactly) the same color, we mean that their color qualities, which are distinct, have the same position in the color space, that is they have the same color quale.
subclass of: abstract
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: region-abstract-quality

information-object
type: Class
comment: _c: SYMBOL, WORD or SIGN are sub-categories of information object. Only information objects can denote other particulars. (Entity is seen as particular. DOLCE uses PARTICULAR (PT) as top category.) INFORMATION OBJECT is a sub-category of the DOLCE category NON-AGENTIVE SOCIAL OBJECT (NA-SO).
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: role
  on property: denotes-indirectly uom
subclass of: non-agentive-social-object
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: particular
  on property: denotes

is-denoted-by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: denotes
range: information-object
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
comment: fp: any particular can be denoted by some information object.

spatial-location-quality
type: Class
subclass of: spatial-quality
comment: _c: A spatial location quality is an essential quality for any physical endurant. Put bluntly, any physical object is in physical space, thus it has a spatial location quality.

median-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: marr-role-is-played-by-arr
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
comment: fp:_ --> not in FOL characterization!

marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: atomic-reference-region-role
inverse of: narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
range: non-atomic-reference-region-role
comment: _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the median atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-role

atomic-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: basic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: median-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
  on property: arr-plays-marr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: arr-plays-farr-role
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-reference-region
  on property: arr-is-part-of-nrr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: arr-plays-uom-role
  all values from: unit-of-measure
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: last-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
  on property: arr-plays-larr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: arr-is-grounded-by-aqr
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
    union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
comment: _c: An atomic reference region maps perfectly on either an atomic spatio-temporal basic quality region or an atomic abstract quality region. In order to define a unit of measure, a user community agrees on a certain atomic quality region on that an atomic reference region maps perfectly. This region can then be denoted by any symbol. The atomic reference region in turn plays the role of a unit of measure. An atomic reference region cannot have a region-extension-quality, because it can have no parts. Only in the process of agreeing on a unit of measure, an atomic reference region and its atomic quality region are both known. In a practical measurement process an atomic reference region cannot be employed. If this would be possible, "exact" measurement in the sense of determining the absolute physical extent of some quality would be possible, which we assume is not.

marr-role-is-played-by-arr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. (inverse)An atomic reference region can play the role of the median atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the median region. Being the median region is not a rigid property, thus median region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region.
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
inverse of: arr-plays-marr-role
domain: median-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
range: atomic-reference-region

n-aq-length
type: Class
comment: _c: A length quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The length of a ship is a non-atomic quality since a ship has at any time more than one width magnitude. In other words a ship has a magnitude range for its length quality.
subclass of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality

non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
  on property: is-unary-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-unary-quality-of
  some values from: Class
    union of: spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
subclass of: oneD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  on property: is-refined-by
comment: fp: a quality which is located at a one-dimensional space region. For example, the height of a tower, the depth of a lake. These qualities have multiple "values" at the same time since they are conceptualized into a entity with a higher dimensionality.

non-physical-endurant
type: Class
comment: An endurant with no mass, generically constantly depending on some agent. Non-physical endurants can have physical constituents (e.g. in the case of members of a collection).
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: non-physical-abstract-quality
subclass of: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-physical-endurant
  on property: has-part

non-physical-abstract-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A non-physical abstract quality is inherent in non-physical endurants.
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-basic-quality-region
  on property: has-quality-location
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  all values from: non-physical-endurant

endurant
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: endurant
  on property: has-part
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: participant-in
  all values from: perdurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: specific-constant-constituent
  all values from: endurant
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
disjoint with: perdurant
disjoint with: quality
disjoint with: abstract
comment: The main characteristic of endurants is that all of them are independent essential wholes. This does not mean that the corresponding property (being an endurant) carries proper unity, since there is no common unity criterion for endurants. Endurants can 'genuinely' change in time, in the sense that the very same endurant as a whole can have incompatible properties at different times. To see this, suppose that an endurant - say 'this paper' - has a property at a time t 'it's white', and a different, incompatible property at time t' 'it's yellow': in both cases we refer to the whole object, without picking up any particular part of it. Within endurants, we distinguish between physical and non-physical endurants, according to whether they have direct spatial qualities. Within physical endurants, we distinguish between amounts of matter, objects, and features.

has-part
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: is-part-of
comment: The most generic part relation, reflexive, asymmetric, and transitive.
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular

cognitively-composed-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: A cognitively composed quality region is part of a cognitively composed quality space. The composition of the space follows some cognitive theory (not further specified here). The double cone for color is an example for a cognitively composed quality space. Only cognitively composed qualities can be located at cognitively composed quality regions. The main characteristic of cognitively composed quality regions is that the distance between regions accounts for their cognitive similarity. A region is more similar to a region located close by then to a distant quality region. For example the reference region named light green is to the reference region named dark green cognitively more similar then to the reference region dark red. Similarity statements are only possible after approximating a cognitively composed quality space with cognitively-composed reference regions. All qualities that are located in a cognitively composed quality region must be cognitively composed qualities.
subclass of: composed-quality-region

composed-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 2
  on property: cqr-is-constituted-by-bqr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cqr-is-constituted-by-bqr
  all values from: basic-quality-region
subclass of: quality-region
comment: _c: A composed quality region is constituted by more then one quality region. The constituting basic quality regions can be spatio-temporal (perceivable) or abstract (non-perceivable). A composed quality region locates only composed qualities.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cqr-is-constituted-by-bqr
  some values from: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-quality
  on property: is-quality-location-of
disjoint with: basic-reference-region
disjoint with: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
  some values from: composed-quality-space

number-of-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: This quality relates a certain entity with another entity by counting how often a certain relation occurs. E.g. A table can have the "has-leg” relation more than once. A typical table may entertain this relation 4 times. This quality is closely related to the cardinatily restiction.
subclass of: relational-quality

relational-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A relational quality relates two entities to each other. E.g. a direction or distance. This category requires further investigation.
subclass of: quality

spatial-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: spatial-feature
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: physical-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  all values from: spatial-feature
comment: _c: A spatial quality is inherent only in spatial features. This is a rather radical modelling approach since it takes the spatial aspects of physical objects (a cup, a house) and relates these aspects to the physical object via their spatial features they necessarily host.

first-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
type: Class
comment: fp: --> not in FOL characterization!
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce

farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: atomic-reference-region-role
inverse of: narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role
range: non-atomic-reference-region-role
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-role
comment: _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the first atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce
type: Class
comment: _c: The role of being the last-non-atomic-reference-region in a reference space is necessarily played by a non-atomic-reference-region. Only ordinal-scaled reference spaces can have last reference regions.
subclass of: non-atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-reference-region
  on property: lnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
  all values from: first-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: lnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
  all values from: reference-space

abstract-basic-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Only abstract basic qualities can be located at abstract basic quality regions. In other words, only qualities that are not directly perceivable can be located at abstract quality regions, e.g. the abstract quality “currency-value”. This category is disjoint to BASIC SPATIO-TEMPORAL QUALITY REGION. Hypothesis: abstract qualities are fully-based in cognition rather then on perception. An abstract basic quality region has to be part of an abstract basic quality space and can itself only have abstract quality regions as part.
subclass of: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-basic-quality-space
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: abstract-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-location-of

basic-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: A basic quality region is a region located in a one-dimensional quality space. A quality region is understood as the magnitude a quality can have. For example, a particular temperature-, spatial extension-, mass-, or volume magnitude. A basic quality region can constitute composed quality regions. A basic quality region can only be part of basic quality spaces or other basic quality regions.
disjoint with: composed-quality-region
disjoint with: composed-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-mapped-by-rr
  all values from: basic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qs
  all values from: basic-quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-quality-region
  on property: bqr-constitutes-cqr
subclass of: quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-location-of
  all values from: basic-quality

abstract-basic-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c: Only one-dimensional (basic) abstract qualities can be located at quality regions that are part of basic abstract quality spaces. Abstract qualities are not directly perceivable (neither via the human senses nor via physical measurement devices); therefore, an abstract quality space is, in contrast to the perceivable spatio-temporal quality spaces, not dependent on a perception process. This category requires further work. All socially constructed quality spaces appear to be abstract spaces. Examples are the value of a currency or the applicability of a law. The only parts a spatio temporal quality space can have are abstract quality regions.
subclass of: basic-quality-space

qr-is-part-of-qs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A reference space has as part a reference region.
inverse of: qs-has-part-qr
sub property of: is-part-of
domain: quality-region
range: quality-space

is-quality-location-of
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality
domain: quality-region
inverse of: has-quality-location
comment: _c: A quality is located in a quality region of a quality space. In other words the "value" of the quality is a quality region. From this follows, that the absolute "value" of some quality is an atomic region (aka: a point in the quality space). Since human senses and mechanical measurement devices are not able to determine this absolute extent or value of some quality, we identify a non-atomic region from which we know that the absolute “value” (the atomic quality region) is contained within. We distinguish between non-atomic quality regions and atomic quality regions. If a quality is conceptualized to be located at an atomic quality region, then the quality has one exact “value”. If the quality is conceptualized to be located at a non-atomic region, the quality does entertain a value range. .
sub property of: location-of

scientifically-composed-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A scientifically composed quality follows some scientific theory and does not necessarily reflect who a human agent conceptualize the same real world phenomenon. Color for example can be conceptualized according to scientific as well as cognitive theories.
subclass of: composed-quality

composed-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality-location
  all values from: composed-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 2
  on property: cq-is-constituted-by-bq
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-quality
  on property: cq-is-constituted-by-bq
subclass of: unary-quality
comment: _c: A composed quality is composed by other qualities. Finally, the composing qualities are basic qualities. E.g. speed, color. We distinguish based on the theory on which the composition is based between cognitively composed qualities and scientifically composed qualities.

ar-height
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: fp: A height quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. Atomic refers to the extent of the region.

atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
comment: fp: the notion "atomic-region" in the name indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region in a quality space. In other words, this quality does have at any time at most one "value". E.g. the length of an edge. In contrast the depth of a lake has infinit values at a time. Thus it is located at an non-atomic region in its quality space.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: one-dimensional-spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
  on property: is-unary-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  on property: refines
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-unary-quality-of
  all values from: Class
    union of: one-dimensional-spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
subclass of: oneD-spatial-extent-quality

circular-spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c2: Examples: hue, or direction (if seen as quality). The circularity of the space is modeled by specifying an atomic region that plays the role of the first atomic quality region in that space and one atomic region that plays the role of the last atomic region. Additionally it is specified that the atomic quality region that plays the role of the first region succeeds the region that plays the role of the last quality region.
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space

spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c: Only one dimensional (basic) physical or temporal qualities can be located at basic spatio temporal quality spaces. Temporal and physical qualities are directly perceivable (either via the human senses or via physical measurement devices.) thus spatio temporal basic quality spaces structure the most basic, directly perceivable qualities.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
subclass of: basic-quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: constitutes
  all values from: composed-quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
  all values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: overlaps
  all values from: Class
    complement of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space

spatial-feature
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: sf-is-lower-dimensional-part-of-sf
  all values from: spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
  cardinality: 1
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
  all values from: spatial-location-quality
subclass of: feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: sf-has-indirect-spatial-quality
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
    union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: feature
  on property: sf-is-part-of-f
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: sf-has-lower-dimensional-part-sf
  all values from: spatial-feature
comment: _c: A spatial feature is a physical endurant that has exactly one spatial location quality and at least one spatial extent quality. A spatial feature is specifically dependent on its host. For example, an apple hosts the spatial feature apple surface. The surface is specifically dependent on the existence of this apple.

is-unary-quality-of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: unary-quality
sub property of: is-quality-of
comment: _c: A unary quality is a quality that inheres in a single particular. A cup has a mass, independent of any other particular existing or non-existing. A unary quality requires only a single particular to be present.
inverse of: has-unary-quality

is-refined-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
version info: TODO: clarify
domain: Class
  union of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: non-atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
range: Class
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c: A non-atomic-region-quality and a atomic-region-qualities can be related via the has-quality-refinement relation if the feature in which the non-atomic-region-quality in inherent in has the feature of the atomic-region-quality as part. For example, a non-atomic-lake-depth is inherent in a water body. An atomic-lake-depth-quality is inherent in a vertical edge feature. If the edge feature is a part of the water-body, then the atomic-lake-depth-quality is a quality refinement of the non-atomic-lake-depth quality.
inverse of: refines

first-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role-plays-unit-of-measure-role
  all values from: unit-of-measure
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: farr-role-is-played-by-arr
comment: _c: All regions that play the role of being the first atomic reference region in a grounding region are necessarily part of a non-atomic reference region that plays the role of being a grounding region. There is no region that is part of the same grounding region and that precedes the region that plays the role of the first quality region.

role-plays-unit-of-measure-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: uom-role-is-played-by-role
range: unit-of-measure
domain: Class
  union of: last-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
  union of: first-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
  union of: median-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
sub property of: role-plays-role
comment: _c: This relation indicates that an atomic reference region plays some atomic-reference-region role (median-atomic-region-role or first-atomic-region-role or last-atomic-region-role) and that it also plays the role of the unit of measurement.

unit-of-measure
type: Class
version info: TODO: Additional relations using the existential qualitifier should be aadded. Reasinging stalls ...
comment: _c: An atomic-reference-region can play the role of a unit-of-measure. An atomic-reference-region is grounded by some atomic quality region (grounding step). This mapping and naming process is a process to which the user community of the unit of measure conventionally agrees to. Historically the "meter" was defined by agreeing on the atomic quality region at which the length quality of a bar made of an alloy of platinum and iridium was located. A region that plays the role of a unit of measure is necessarily denoted by a symbol (understood as information object), e.g. "1 m" or "1 Meter". An atomic region that plays the role of being a unit of measure is necessarily part of a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region in a reference space. A unit of measure is a role that is played by an atomic reference region. This reference region in turn is grounded by an atomic quality region. A central aspect is that all "region extension qualities" of the reference space´s non-atomic reference regions are located at the same atomic quality region that also grounds the atomic reference region that plays the role of unit of measure.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uom-role-is-played-by-arr
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uom-role-is-played-by-role
  all values from: Class
    union of: first-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
    union of: median-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
    union of: last-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: region-extension-quality
  on property: uom is-indirect-quality-location-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: uom-role is-indirect-part-of grr-role
  all values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role

farr-role-is-played-by-arr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
inverse of: arr-plays-farr-role
range: atomic-reference-region
comment: fp: The first atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that *plays* the role of the first region. To *be* the first region is not a rigid property, thus first region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region.
domain: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region

scientifically-composed-reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: composed-reference-space
comment: _c: A scientifically composed reference space partitions a scientifically composed quality space. The central difference to a cognitively composed reference space is that the regions of a scientifically composed reference space are combined according to arithmetic operations. Since science is about explaining our experiences, it might be possible (in some cases) to model a cognitively composed quality space via a scientifically composed quality space, yet we want to stress that this modelling process changes the conceptualization of a certain cognitively experienced quality, justifying the introduction of scientifically composed quality spaces to make the difference explicit. This category requires further work.

composed-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A composed reference space is constituted by other reference spaces. The subcategories of composed reference space are debatable. The number in which difference arithmetic operations can be combined is infinite. Here we list some frequently used composed reference-spaces. Further specification is required on domain level. In analogy to basic reference spaces, a composed reference space is homomorphic to the composed quality space it partitions. In other words, the composed quality space covers the partitioned quality space fully.
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: composed-reference-region
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-reference-region
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-reference-space
  on property: crs-is-constituted-by-brs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: crs-is-constituted-by-brs
  min cardinality: 2
subclass of: reference-space

composed-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A composed quality space is constituted by more then one quality space. Note that the constituting quality spaces are not part of the composed quality space. The composed quality space can be seen as emerging from combining two or more quality spaces. The constituting quality spaces can either be abstract or spatio-temporal or a mixture of both.
subclass of: quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
  some values from: composed-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    complement of: composed-quality-space
  on property: overlaps
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-quality-region
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cqs-is-constituted-by-bqs
  min cardinality: 2
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: cqs-is-constituted-by-bqs
  some values from: Class
    union of: abstract-basic-quality-space
    union of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-reference-space
  on property: qs-is-partitioned-by-rs

quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: quality-region
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: reference-space
  on property: qs-is-partitioned-by-rs
subclass of: abstract
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
  some values from: quality-region
comment: _c: A quality space is the mereological sum of all its quality regions (atomic and non-atomic). A quality space provides structure to quality values (quality regions). In other words, a quality space orders quality values and thus is a generic requirement for comparing percepts. The quality space for heights enables human agents to judge that a certain tree is higher than a certain house. A quality space is a generic requirement for assessing similarity between quality values. A quality space has emerging characteristics that its regions do not have. The structure of a quality space can be - basic or composed - linear or radial - cognitively composed or scientifically composed. A quality space can be partitioned by a reference space that imposes a metric to the quality space. Yet since not every quality space has necessarily a reference space that partitions it into a communicable structure, the closure axiom for the partitioned-by relation is not given.

qs-has-part-qr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has-part
domain: quality-space
comment: _c: A quality space has a quality region as part.
range: quality-region
inverse of: qr-is-part-of-qs

overlaps
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
range: particular
comment: Mereological overlap: having a common part.

cqs-is-constituted-by-bqs
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: bqs-constitutes-cqs
comment: _c: A composed quality space is constituted by either abstract-basic quality spaces or spatio-temporal-basic-quality-spaces. Whether combinations of both basic types are possible is debatable.
domain: composed-quality-space
range: Class
  union of: abstract-basic-quality-space
  union of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
sub property of: is-constituted-by

qs-is-partitioned-by-rs
type: ObjectProperty
range: reference-space
comment: _c:A quality space is partitoned by a reference region.
domain: quality-space
inverse of: rs-partitions-qs
sub property of: approximated-by

congnitive-atomic-region-role
type: Class
subclass of: quality-region-role
comment: fp: A non-atomic quality region can play the atomic region for some cognitive agent. A quale plays the role of an cognitively atomic region. The quale role, however is played by an non-atomic region. For example, the region in which you place all the perceptions of red which you can not further distinguish are your personal quale. In physical reality this region is non-atomic, since it can be further divided. For your perception, it is atomic, since you can not further divide it. This category is debadable.

first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Any regular region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any regular region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the fist atomic region in that grounding region. --> not in FOL characterization!
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: farr-role-is-played-by-arr

spatio-temporal-quale
type: Class
comment: _c: For a human agent, a basic spatio temporal quale is equivalent to an atomic quality region. This is due to the limited resolution of the human sensory apparatus. Ontologically, however we consider the category QUALE as sub-category of NON-ATOMIC QUALITY REGION. A quale is a non-atomic quality region that is identified by some cognitive process in the mind of a human agent. This process is not further investigated here. A quale is an approximation to the objective physical extent of some quality. In other words, a quale is a non-atomic region that contains some atomic region (physical extent or magnitude). In order to communicate about the quale, it needs to be approximated by some non-atomic reference region. See comments on atomic-basic-spatio-temporal-region and abstract quale.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: congnitive-atomic-region-role
  on property: qr-plays-role
subclass of: non-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region

qr-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: quality-region
comment: _c: A quality region can play a quality region role. For example, playing the role of the first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role in a quality space.
range: quality-region-role
sub property of: r-plays-role
inverse of: role-is-played-by-qr

non-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: naqr-has-part-aqr
  all values from: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
comment: _c: A non-atomic spatio temporal quality region is a quality region at which non-atomic spatio-temporal qualities are located. The notion “non-atomic” indicates that the quality can have multiple values at a time. For the region this means that it has to contain at least two parts that have to be spatio temporal quality regions (either atomic or non atomic). A lake for example can have a depth quality, which has at any time more then one value. Within that non-atomic region one can identify atomic regions at which qualities are located that refine the general lake depth quality, for example a quality for the maximum depth of the lake. This is a quality with a single value in contrast to the multiple values of the general lake depth quality. Any non atomic quality region has a region extension quality.

achievement
type: Class
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).
subclass of: event

event
type: Class
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.In general, events differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which an event of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align an event-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical events under 'event', e.g. 'discharge', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive discharge events, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation…
subclass of: perdurant

reference-magnitude
type: Class
comment: _c: Any reference space requires some reference magnitude, which serves to "fix" the reference space on the quality space. A reference space imposed to a quality space with a absolute boundary requires one additional, conventionally agreed upon reference magnitude. In such a case, the unit-of measure may serve as reference magnitude.
subclass of: atomic-quality-region-role

cognitively-composed-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Cognitively-composed-reference regions approximate a cognitively-composed-quality-region. In contrast to most arithmetically composed reference regions, cognitively composed reference regions can not be ordered along a single dimension. Instead, the distances of two regions can be interpreted as a similarity measure (see Gärdenfors theory of conceptual spaces). In other words the distance between reference regions allow statements about the cognitive similarity of the quality values. For example the reference region named light green is to the reference region named dark green cognitively more similar then to the reference region dark red. Similarity statements are only possible after approximating a cognitively composed quality space with cognitively-composed reference regions.
subclass of: composed-reference-region

composed-reference-region
type: Class
disjoint with: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rr-plays-or-role
  all values from: observation-result
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 2
  on property: crr-is-constituted-by-brr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-reference-region
  on property: crr-is-constituted-by-brr
subclass of: reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rr-maps-qr
  all values from: composed-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-reference-space
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
comment: _c: A composed reference region is constituted by more then one (basic) reference region. It maps on a composed quality region. Currently we distinguish between cognitively composed reference regions and arithmetically composed reference regions. The first type maps on cognitively composed quality spaces such as color. For this type, further work is required to analyze the processes of combining the magnitudes of the basic reference regions into composed reference regions. Arithmetically composed reference regions follow standard arithmetic in order to compose new "values" on the basis of at least two basic "values". This allows to name for example speed or density qualities that are composed according to Newtonian physics.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
  some values from: composed-reference-space

relevant-part
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: Features that are relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge.

feature
type: Class
comment: Features are 'parasitic entities', that exist insofar their host exists. Typical examples of features are holes, bumps, boundaries, or spots of color. Features may be relevant parts of their host, like a bump or an edge, or dependent regions like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree, which are not parts of their host. All features are essential wholes, but no common unity criterion may exist for all of them. However, typical features have a topological unity, as they are singular entities.Here only features of physical endurants are considered.
subclass of: physical-endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-hosted-by
  some values from: physical-endurant
disjoint with: amount-of-matter

horizontal-edge-feature
type: Class
comment: fp: The current approach assumes that any horizontal 2D feature and any 3D feature have unnamed 1D horizontal features.
subclass of: one-dimensional-spatial-feature

one-dimensional-spatial-feature
type: Class
comment: ME: A spatial feature that is located in a one-dimensional-space-region.
disjoint with: two-dimensional-spatial-feature
disjoint with: three-dimensional-spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
  all values from: oneD-spatial-location-quality
subclass of: spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: oneD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality

two-d-physical-space-region
type: Class
subclass of: physical-space-region
comment: _c1: A surface feature for example has a physical location at a 2D physical space region. This region in turn is located in absolute physical space. Only two dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at two dimensional space regions.

physical-space-region
type: Class
subclass of: quality-region
comment: _c1: Absolute physical space takes a special position in the ontology. At this stage, we classify physical space as cognitively composed quality space. We distinguish three types of physical space regions: 1D, 2D and 3D space regions. How a 3D space region is cognitively distinct from a 2D and a 1D space is currently not specified. What is commonly referred to a point can be seen as 3D or 2D or 1D extension-less space region. In this sense, three different kinds of "points" exist.

scientifically-composed-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c1: A scientifically composed quality region locates only scientifically composed qualities. It can be constituted by any kind of basic quality. This category requires further work.
subclass of: composed-quality-region

ar-depth
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: fp: A depth quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. Atomic refers to the extent of the region.

dividend
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetic-role
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the dividend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.

arithmetic-role
type: Class
subclass of: reference-region-role
comment: fp: a arithmetic-role can be played by an atomic or non-atomic reference region. However, in most cases this role is played by an non-atomic reference region as it is define in scales based on meter or foot.

structure
type: Class
comment: _c: More work is needed on this category
subclass of: relational-quality

composed-quale
type: Class
subclass of: non-atomic-cognitively-composed-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: congnitive-atomic-region-role
  on property: qr-plays-role
comment: _c: A certain shade of red for example, when perceived by a human agent. If two or more basic quality spaces are combined into a composed quality space, the smallest region a human agent can distinguish from another region is called composed quale. It is constituted by basic spatio-temporal or abstract qualia. Qualia are non-atomic regions in which the absolute physical extent, understood as atomic region, is located in. Only if the cognitively composed quality space is constituted only by abstract qualities, then composed quale and atomic cognitively composed quality region are equivalent.

non-atomic-cognitively-composed-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: cognitively-composed-quality-region
  on property: naqr-has-part-aqr
subclass of: cognitively-composed-quality-region
comment: _c: Examples are the different kinds of taste a human can distinguish. These quality regions are non-atomic cognitively composed quality regions: Sour, sweet, bitter. .

median-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: marr-role-is-played-by-arr
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
comment: _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization!

result
type: Class
subclass of: role
comment: A result is a semantic (!?) role that refers to that which is produced by an event. This role is usually encoded as the surface object of a sentence. http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAResult.htm

role
type: Class
comment: _c: The category ROLE is introduced in the DOLCE Lite Plus extension called "extended Situations and Descriptions" . An entity can stop playing a role without loosing its identity. This category is still preliminary, yet is proved necessary for specifying central categories in the context of observation and measurement. We assume that any entity can take the non-rigid property of playing a role in a certain context.
comment: DOLCE: “Also known as 'functional role'. A concept that classifies (in particular, it is 'played by') endurants, as used in some description. Roles are the descriptive counterpart of endurants, and, as endurants participate in perdurants, they usually have courses as modal targets (see).The typology of roles is still preliminary”.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role-is-played-by
  some values from: particular
subclass of: non-agentive-social-object

quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-quality-location qs
  all values from: quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: quality-space
  on property: has-indirect-quality-location qs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality-location
  all values from: quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: particular
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: observation
  on property: is-observed-by
comment: _c: "DOLCE: Qualities can be seen as the basic entities we can perceive or measure: shapes, colors, sizes, sounds, smells, as well as weights, lengths, electrical charges. 'Quality' is often used as a synonym of 'property', but this is not the case in this upper ontology: qualities are particulars, properties are universals. Qualities inhere to entities (particulars (PT)): every entity (including qualities themselves) comes with certain qualities, which exist as long as the entity exists." The DOLCE definition given above seems to account only for unary qualities, but not for relational qualities such as directions, distances or intensity. We extent the original DOLCE category by two generic sub-categories: unary-qualities and relational-qualities.

qr-is-mapped-by-rr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A quality region is mapped by a reference region.
domain: quality-region
inverse of: rr-maps-qr
sub property of: approximated-by
range: reference-region

atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
comment: fp: the notion "atomic-region" in the name indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region in its quality space. In other words, this quality does have at any time at most one "value". E.g. the the area of a lake surface. In contrast the cross profile area of a lake has infinit values at a time as long as the location of the cross profile within the water body is not fixed. Thus it is located at an non-atomic region in its quality space. --> see non-atomic-twoD-spatial-extent quality. If a two dimensional extent quality inheres in a two dimensional spatial feature (e.g. surface of a table) it is a single magnitude at a time.
subclass of: twoD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: Class
    union of: two-dimensional-spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: non-atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  on property: refines
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: two-dimensional-spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
  on property: is-unary-quality-of

twoD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A quality that is located at a two-dimensional physical space region. A 2D quality (e.g. area) can be conceptualized to inhere in 3D spatial feature. This results in a non-atomic quality regions at a time since the location of the 2D quality can not be clearly identified.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
  some values from: twoD-spatial-location-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: twoD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
subclass of: spatial-extent-quality

two-dimensional-spatial-feature
type: Class
disjoint with: one-dimensional-spatial-feature
disjoint with: three-dimensional-spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: twoD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
subclass of: spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: twoD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
comment: ME: A spatial feature that is located in a one-dimensional-space-region.

non-atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A quality that inheres in a 3D spatial feature. A non-atomic quality has more the one magnitude at a time. In other words, the quality is located at a non-atomic quality region. For example, if a cross-profile-area-quality is conceptualized to inhere in a 3D water body, the quality has, at any time, a magnitude range. Many area qualitites belong to this quality type.
subclass of: twoD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: spatial-feature
    union of: physical-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  on property: is-refined-by

refines
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is-refined-by
range: Class
  union of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: non-atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
comment: fp: an atomic-region-quality and its non-atomic-region-quality are related via the atomic-region-quality-of relation. For example: A median-riverbed-depth quality is an atomic region quality of the non-atomic-region-quality riverbed depth.
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality

composed-by-subtraction-reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
  all values from: composed-by-subtraction-reference-region
comment: _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by subtraction.

rs-has-part-rr
type: ObjectProperty
range: reference-region
inverse of: rr-is-part-of-rs
domain: reference-space
sub property of: has-part
comment: _c: A reference space has as part a reference region.

composed-by-subtraction-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-subtrahend
  min cardinality: 2
comment: _c: A composed by subtraction reference region is a reference region that is composed by subtracting basic reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are part of a rational or interval basic-reference spaces. MINUEND (Mi-Rl) and SUBTRAHEND (Sb-Rl) are, at the current stage, not further specified.

arithmetically-composed-quality
type: Class
subclass of: scientifically-composed-quality
comment: _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. The composition of arithmetically composed qualities involves some arithmetic theory. An arithmetically composed quality involves at least two basic qualities.

circular-abstract-basic-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-space
comment: _c2: In analogy to the spatio-temporal quality spaces, a circular abstract quality space is defined. The circularity of the space is modeled by specifying an atomic region that plays the role of the first atomic quality region in that space and one atomic region that plays the role of the last atomic region. Additionally it is specified that that the atomic region that plays the first region succeeds the region that plays the last region.

maximum-quality-role
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: MaxqR-is-played-by-q
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
    union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: quantile-role
comment: _c: At this stage of the ontology development, we consider only an atomic spatial extent quality to play a maximum quality role. The role-playing quality’s atomic quality region is itself playing the role of being the last region in the non-atomic quality region of the quality which is refined by the quality that plays the maximum quality role. See the characterization of last atomic quality region role (LAQR-Rl). For example, a tunnel might have a height quality. This height quality is located at a non-atomic quality region (a magnitude range). There exists an atomic height quality that refines the tunnel height quality in the sense that it is located at a single magnitude (not at a magnitude range). This atomic height quality plays the role of the maximum quality if it is located at the last atomic region of the non-atomic region of the tunnel height quality.

MaxqR-is-played-by-q
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
sub property of: quality-role-is-played-by-q
inverse of: q-plays-Max-role
comment: _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a maximum quality. The maximum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the maximum depth quality.
domain: maximum-quality-role

quantile-role
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-quality-role
comment: _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only atomic spatial extent qualities can play quantile roles. If an atomic quality entertains a refines relation to a non atomic region quality, then it is assured that there are other qualities of the same type and that the magnitudes of these qualities can be compared. Only in such a case, minimality, maximality or any other percentile can be determined. We refer to the example of lake depth given in chapter 6. At the moment the quantile quality role is restricted to atomic 1D and 2D spatial qualities, yet it might also apply to other physical qualities.

perdurant
type: Class
comment: Perdurants (AKA occurrences) comprise what are variously called events, processes, phenomena, activities and states. They can have temporal parts or spatial parts. For instance, the first movement of (an execution of) a symphony is a temporal part of the symphony. On the other hand, the play performed by the left side of the orchestra is a spatial part. In both cases, these parts are occurrences themselves. We assume that objects cannot be parts of occurrences, but rather they participate in them. Perdurants extend in time by accumulating different temporal parts, so that, at any time they are present, they are only partially present, in the sense that some of their proper temporal parts (e.g., their previous or future phases) may be not present. E.g., the piece of paper you are reading now is wholly present, while some temporal parts of your reading are not present yet, or any more. Philosophers say that endurants are entities that are in time, while lacking temporal parts (so to speak, all their parts flow with them in time). Perdurants, on the contrary, are entities that happen in time, and can have temporal parts (all their parts are fixed in time).
disjoint with: quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: perdurant
  on property: has-part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: endurant
  on property: participant
subclass of: spatio-temporal-particular
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal-basic-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: perdurant
  on property: specific-constant-constituent

participant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The immediate relation holding between endurants and perdurants (e.g. in 'the car is running').Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').A 'functional' participant is specialized for those forms of participation that depend on the nature of participants, processes, or on the intentionality of agentive participants. Traditional 'thematic role' should be mapped to functional participation.For relations holding between participants in a same perdurant, see the co-participates relation.
domain: perdurant
sub property of: immediate-relation
inverse of: participant-in
range: endurant

temporal-basic-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal-basic-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: perdurant
    union of: temporal-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Class
    union of: perdurant
    union of: temporal-basic-quality
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
  on property: has-quality-location
disjoint with: physical-basic-quality
disjoint with: abstract-basic-quality
comment: _c: A temporal quality is inherent in a perdurant and is located in a temporal quality region. A temporal quality can inhere only in perdurants.

specific-constant-constituent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: 'Constituent' should depend on some layering of the ontology. For example, scientific granularities or ontological 'strata' are typical layerings. A constituent is a part belonging to a lower layer. Since layering is actually a partition of the ontology, constituents are not properly classified as parts, although this kinship can be intuitive for common sense. Example of specific constant constituents are the entities constituting a setting (a situation), whilethe entities constituting a collection are examples of generic constant constituents.
range: particular
inverse of: specific-constant-constituent-of
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation

intensity
type: Class
subclass of: relational-quality
comment: _c: Intensity can be modeled as relational moment. It characterizes the speed of the process that unfolds between two or more entities. For example: The intensity of an erosion process. More work is required on this category.

crs-is-constituted-by-brs
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: brs-constitutes-crs
sub property of: is-constituted-by
comment: _c: A composed reference space is constituted by basic reference spaces.
domain: composed-reference-space
range: basic-reference-space

arithmetically-composed-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: For example: A reference space composed by division takes the regions of two basic reference spaces and divides their "values". The result: Two values are merged to a single value. An arithmetically composed reference space can be represented as a one-dimensional space. In a (linear) one-dimensional space, any region is comparable to any other region in terms of "more or less". This is often not the case in cognitively composed quality spaces like color. Light green is not more than saturated yellow. An arithmetically composed quality region partitions arithmetically composed quality regions.
subclass of: scientifically-composed-reference-region

amount-of-matter
type: Class
comment: The common trait of amounts of matter is that they are endurants with no unity (according to Gangemi et a. 2001 none of them is an essential whole). Amounts of matter - 'stuffs' referred to by mass nouns like 'gold', 'iron', 'wood', 'sand', 'meat', etc. - are mereologically invariant, in the sense that they change their identity when they change some parts.
subclass of: physical-endurant

vertical-2D-feature
type: Class
subclass of: two-dimensional-spatial-feature
comment: fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 3D feature has unnamed 2D vertical features.

composed-by-division-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by division.
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-by-division-reference-region
  on property: rs-has-part-rr

composed-by-division-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-reference-space
  on property: has-indirect-divisor
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-dividend
  all values from: basic-reference-space
comment: _c: A composed by division reference region is a reference region that is composed by the division of two (or more) basic reference regions. The basic reference regions that compose such a region are necessarily part of a rational basic reference space. A composed-by-division reference region is constituted by reference regions where exactly one reference region plays the role of the divisor and one or more regions play the role of the dividend. DIVIDEND (Dv-Rl) and DIVISOR (Dd-Rl) are, at the current stage, not further specified.

first-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the first atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization!
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: farr-role-is-played-by-arr
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role

one-d-physical-space-region
type: Class
subclass of: physical-space-region
comment: _c1: An edge feature for example has a physical location at a 1D physical space region. This region however is located in absolute physical space. Only one-dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at one-dimensional space regions.

basic-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-quality-space
  on property: bqs-constitutes-cqs
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-quality-region
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
subclass of: quality-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qs-has-part-qr
  some values from: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-reference-space
  on property: approximated-by
comment: _c1: A basic quality space is a quality space with a single dimension that has only basic quality regions as parts. In this respect quality dimension and basic quality space are synonyms. See basic quality region

bqs-constitutes-cqs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: abstract-basic-quality-space
  union of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
sub property of: constitutes
inverse of: cqs-is-constituted-by-bqs
comment: _c: (inverse) A composed quality space is constituted by either abstract-basic quality spaces or spatio-temporal-basic-quality-spaces. Whether combinations of both basic types are possible is debatable.
range: composed-quality-space

approximated-by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) If something can not be determined exactly, one can attempt to approximate it. The approximates-relation relates two entity where one entity serves as approximation of the other.
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
inverse of: approximates

volume
type: Class
comment: _c: The volume quality characterizes the volume of some quality. This quality should not be confused with the spatial location quality of some spatial entity.
subclass of: threeD-spatial-extent-quality

threeD-spatial-extent-quality
type: Class
subclass of: spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c: A 3D spatial extent quality characterized the three-dimensional spatial extent of some spatial entity. It is located in a three dimensional space region. Probably equivalent with volume
version info: TODO: add restriction on "has-quality-location" to atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region

region-abstract-quality
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality-location
  all values from: Class
    union of: abstract-basic-quality-region
    union of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: region
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  some values from: region
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality
comment: _c: A region abstract quality characterizes regions. Since regions are abstract entities, their qualities are considered abstract qualities. This is inline with the DOLCE distinction into physical and abstract qualities.

color
type: Class
subclass of: cognitively-composed-quality
comment: _c: A common cognitive model for color is based in three basic qualities: hue, saturation and brightness. Together the three basic quality spaces constitute the composed quality space (a double cone) in which a color quality is located.

cognitively-composed-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A cognitively composed quality follows some cognitive theory and does reflect who a human agent conceptualize some real world phenomenon. Color for example can be conceptualized according to scientific as well as cognitive theories.
subclass of: composed-quality

speed
type: Class
comment: _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. A speed quality is located at a region that is composed by two basic quality regions: A length quality region and a temporal quality region. The length quality region plays the role of the dividend and the temporal region plays the role of the divisor.
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-quality

median-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Any grounding region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any grounding region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in that grounding region. The atomic region that plays the role of being the median atomic region in a grounding region can also play the role of being the a unit of measure.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: marr-role-is-played-by-arr
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
  on property: marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role-plays-unit-of-measure-role
  all values from: unit-of-measure

proposition
type: Class
subclass of: abstract
comment: The abstract content of a proposition. Abstract content is purely combinatorial: from this viewpoint, any content that can be generated by means of combinatorial rules is assumed to exist in the domain of quantification (reified abstracts).

abstract
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality
  all values from: Class
    complement of: spatial-location-quality
subclass of: particular
comment: _c: DOLCE: The main characteristic of abstract entities is that they do not have spatial nor temporal qualities, and they are not qualities themselves. We follow this definition abstract entity yet we allowing abstract qualities to be located in abstract as well as in spatio-temporal quality regions. This is required to state that a reference region has a region-extension-quality (“How big is the basic reference region?”). A region-extension-quality is an abstract quality, yet it is located at a spatio-temporal quality region. This change allows the grounding of units of measures in physical quantities.
disjoint with: perdurant
disjoint with: quality

ar-width
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c1: atomic region width. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. ==> The quality has a single value at a time.

horizontal-2D-feature
type: Class
comment: fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 3D feature has unnamed 2D horizontal features.
subclass of: two-dimensional-spatial-feature

cq-is-constituted-by-bq
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A composed quality is constituted by basic qualities.
inverse of: bq-constitutes-cq
domain: composed-quality
range: basic-quality
sub property of: is-constituted-by

basic-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A basic quality is a quality that is not composed by other qualities. For example, mass, length or temperature.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: basic-quality-region
  on property: has-quality-location
subclass of: unary-quality

unary-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A unary quality is a quality that characterizes a single entity on which it is specifically dependent. A unary quality inheres in a single entity. It is located at a quality region. In contrast, a relational quality characterizes more then one entity.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: quality-region
  on property: has-quality-location
subclass of: quality

rs-partitions-qs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
comment: _c: A reference space partitiones a quality space
range: quality-space
domain: reference-space
inverse of: qs-is-partitioned-by-rs

density
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-quality
comment: _c: An arithmetically composed quality is located in an arithmetically composed quality region. A density quality is located at a region that is composed by two basic quality regions: A mass quality region and a volume quality region. The mass quality region plays the role of the dividend and the volume region plays the role of the divisor.

last-atomic-quality-region-role
type: Class
subclass of: quality-region-role
comment: _c: A last atomic quality region role is played by a quality region that has no atomic quality region as successor in a non-atomic quality region or a quality space.

non-atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: A non-atomic abstract basic quality region has atomic abstract quality regions as parts.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: naqr-has-part-aqr
  all values from: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-region

naqr-has-part-aqr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has-part
inverse of: qr-is-part-of-qr
domain: quality-region
comment: _c: A non-atomic quality region has an atomic quality region as part. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space.
range: quality-region

atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: From an ontological perspective it is important to note that abstract quale and absolute-atomic- abstract-basic-quality-region are identical. Since an abstract space is based on conventions, its smallest regions are also subject to conventions. This is the central difference to a spatio-temporal-quale. Here the absolute-atomic-spatio-temporal-region is not subject to conventions, it is part of physical reality.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  on property: aaqr-is-part-of-naaqr
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: aqr-grounds-arr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-quality-region-role
  on property: qr-plays-role

multiplier
type: Class
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the multiplier when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.
subclass of: arithmetic-role

reference-region-role
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: reference-region
  on property: region-role-is-played-by-r
subclass of: region-role
comment: _c: A reference region role can only be played by a reference region. A reference region maps on or approximates a quality region. A unit of measure is, for example, a role that an atomic-reference region can play that maps on a conventionally agreed upon quality region.

grr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: grounding-region-in-ref-space
comment: _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being a grounding reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
inverse of: rs has-indirect-part gr-role
range: reference-space

narr-role has-indirect-part marr-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: atomic-reference-region-role
inverse of: marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
comment: _c: The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the median atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
sub property of: role has-indirect-part role
domain: non-atomic-reference-region-role

grr-role has-indirect-part uom-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: uom-role is-indirect-part-of grr-role
domain: grounding-region-in-ref-space
sub property of: role has-indirect-part role
range: unit-of-measure
comment: _c: A non-atomic-reference-region that plays the role of a grounding-region-in-ref-space has as part an atomic region that plays the role of unit of measure. Thus, indirectly the grounding region has a unit-of measure. This indirect part-of relation can not be given completely in OWL. The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play the role of a grounding region. In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the unit of measure for the reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

non-atomic-reference-region-role
type: Class
subclass of: reference-region-role
comment: _c: A non atomic reference region role has to be played by one non atomic reference region.

narr-role has-indirect-part farr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: non-atomic-reference-region-role
inverse of: farr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
sub property of: role has-indirect-part role
range: atomic-reference-region-role
comment: _c: The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the first atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: non-atomic-reference-region-role
version info: TODO: FO-relation
range: atomic-reference-region-role
inverse of: larr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
comment: _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). The non-atomic reference region that plays a certain role can have parts that in turn play also a certain role. In this case, a non-atomic reference region that plays, for example, the role of being the grounding reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the last atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
sub property of: role has-indirect-part role

arbitrary-sum
type: Class
disjoint with: non-physical-endurant
subclass of: endurant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: endurant
  on property: has-part
comment: AKA arbitrary-collection.The mereological sum of any two or more endurants (physical or not). Arbitrary sums have no unity criterion (they are 'extensional').

first-atomic-quality-region-role
type: Class
comment: _c: A first atomic quality region role is played by an atomic quality region (A-QR) that has no predecessor in a basic quality space (NA-QR).
subclass of: quality-region-role

uom-role-is-played-by-arr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: fp: The unit of measure role is played by an atomic reference region. Note that an atomic reference region mapps perfecly either on an abstract atomic quality region or a spatio-temporal atomic quality region. These are the quantities on which a community agreed when defining a unit of measure.
domain: unit-of-measure
range: atomic-reference-region
inverse of: arr-plays-uom-role
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr

uom-role-is-played-by-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: role-is-played-by-role
range: Class
  union of: first-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
  union of: last-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
  union of: median-atomic-region-in-grounding-region
comment: _c: (inverse) This relation indicates that an atomic reference region plays some atomic-reference-region role (median-atomic-region-role or first-atomic-region-role or last-atomic-region-role) and that it also plays the role of the unit of measurement.
inverse of: role-plays-unit-of-measure-role
domain: unit-of-measure

region-extension-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: When attempting to characterize quality regions, a central question is how to determine the "size" of a quality region. In other words, what is the "extent" of the region in the quality space? Since we characterize a unit of measure via the grounds relation to an atomic quality region, we can now specify that the region extension quality is located at the quality region that grounds the atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of being the unit of measure (of the semantic reference space under investigation). Besides non-atomic quality regions also non-atomic reference regions can have a region extension quality. An important aspect, vital to any measurement based on rational scales, is that non-atomic reference regions can be defined by having a region extension quality that is indirectly located at the unit of measure. This allows specifying that the marks on a ruler have always the same spacing or, in other words, the region between two marks have the same "extent".
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-quality-location
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
    union of: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-quality-location uom
  some values from: unit-of-measure
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-quality-location uom
  all values from: unit-of-measure
subclass of: region-abstract-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: non-atomic-reference-region
  on property: is-quality-of
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  all values from: non-atomic-reference-region

uom is-indirect-quality-location-of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has-indirect-quality-location uom
sub property of: indirect-relation-i
comment: fp: the is-indirect-quality-location-of has a quality as range. This allows to state that the region that is playing that role is the quality location of some quality. Note that OWL does not provide enough expressivity to state this relation properly.
domain: unit-of-measure
range: region-extension-quality

uom-role is-indirect-part-of grr-role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: fp: This relation intents to state that an atomic region that plays the role of a unit of measure is part of a grounding reference region. (More expressivity is needed)
range: grounding-region-in-ref-space
domain: unit-of-measure
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-role
inverse of: grr-role has-indirect-part uom-role

vertical-edge-feature
type: Class
subclass of: one-dimensional-spatial-feature
comment: fp: The current approach assumes that any vertical 2D feature and any 3D feature have unnamed 1D vertical features.

quality-role
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role-is-played-by
  some values from: quality
subclass of: role
comment: _c: A "quality role" can be played only by a quality. We are aware of the awkward name, yet we stick to the naming convention of extending the super-category’s name (see beginning of appendix).

is-hosted-by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The immediate relation holding for features and entities.
sub property of: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
domain: feature
inverse of: hosts
range: physical-endurant

ordinal-basic-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: An ordinal basic reference space has one first region and one last region. To the regions of an ordinal-basic-reference space, only those operations can be applied that are valid for ordinal scales according to Stevens (1946).The regions of an ordinal reference space do not necessarily have the same extent compared to interval scaled or ratio scaled reference spaces.
subclass of: basic-reference-space

role-is-played-by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: role
inverse of: plays-role
comment: _c: A role can be played by any particular.
sub property of: immediate-relation-i

non-atomic-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: All reference regions that are practically applicable in an observation or measurement process are necessarily "non-atomic" reference regions. We introduce the notion of non atomic-reference region in order to manage the gap between physical magnitude and communicable information object. This gap is also known as symbol grounding problem. The non-atomic reference region is finally used to name any atomic quality region. A non-atomic reference region has at least two parts, otherwise it would be atomic. A non-atomic reference region must have a region extension quality, since it extends within a reference space. Further, the atomic reference regions that are part of a non-atomic reference region can play roles such as first-atomic reference region or last atomic reference region in the non-atomic reference region..
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: region-extension-quality
  on property: has-quality
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: narr-plays-fnarr-role
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: information-object
  on property: is-denoted-by
subclass of: basic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: observation-result
  on property: rr-plays-or-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-plays-lnarr-role
  all values from: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: information-object
  on property: is-denoted-by
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: narr-plays-grr-role
  all values from: grounding-region-in-ref-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
  on property: narr-plays-rnarr-role

rnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: fp:Regular region role is played by non-atomic reference region
range: non-atomic-reference-region
domain: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
inverse of: narr-plays-rnarr-role

rnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
range: reference-space
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
inverse of: rs has-indirect-part rnarr-role
comment: _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being a regular reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL)
domain: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space

statistical-abstract-quality
type: Class
version info: TODO: add restrictions. Is this the correct place in the taxonomy? --> composed quality?
comment: _c: A statistical quality characterizes the quality region of some quality. Variance for example, is a quality of the non-atomic quality region of some non-atomic quality and not the quality of some endurant or perdurant. A statistical quality characterizes indirectly another quality.
subclass of: region-abstract-quality

distance-quality
type: Class
subclass of: relational-quality
comment: _c: A distance is dependent on at least two entities.

summand
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetic-role
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the subtrahend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.

minuend
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetic-role
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the minuend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.

rr-plays-or-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: non-atomic-reference-region
  union of: composed-reference-region
range: observation-result
sub property of: rr-plays-role
inverse of: or-role-is-played-by-rr
comment: _c: A non-atomic-reference region or a composed-reference-region can play the role of an observation result. (inverse) The observation result role can be played by an non-atomic-reference region as well as by a composed reference region. Reference regions exist as such. If, during an observation accomplishment, a reference region is identified as approximating the atomic quality region of the observed quality best, then this region plays the role of the observation result.

observation-result
type: Class
comment: _c: The purpose of an observation (accomplishment) is to assign a symbol to a magnitude that characterizes some quality. This is achieved by identifying a reference region on a non-atomic quality region (magnitude range) of which the atomic quality region (of the observed quality) is a part of. The reference region has a symbol assigned to it (Only symbols can be communicated). A reference region can play the role of being an observation result. Since a reference region can exist without ever being used as observation result, the category OBSERVATION RESULT cannot be modelled in a taxonomic relation to REFERENCE REGION. A reference region can play the role of being an observation result.
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: non-atomic-reference-region
    union of: composed-reference-region
  on property: or-role-is-played-by-rr
subclass of: reference-region-role

crr-is-constituted-by-brr
type: ObjectProperty
domain: composed-reference-region
range: basic-reference-region
comment: _c: A composed reference region is constituted by basic reference regions.
inverse of: brr-constitutes-crr
sub property of: is-constituted-by

basic-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-reference-region
  on property: brr-constitutes-crr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rr-maps-qr
  all values from: basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: basic-reference-space
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rr-is-part-of-rs
  all values from: basic-reference-space
subclass of: reference-region
disjoint with: composed-quality-region
comment: _c: A basic reference region (one-dimensional reference region) maps on a quality region in a one-dimensional quality space. In contrast composed reference regions map on quality-regions in composed quality spaces.

rr-maps-qr
type: ObjectProperty
domain: reference-region
inverse of: qr-is-mapped-by-rr
comment: _c: A reference region maps a quality region.
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: quality-region

atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c: An atomic spatio temporal quality region accounts for the absolute physical extent (magnitude) of some physical or temporal quality. This magnitude can only be approximated by human senses or a measurement device. These regions make up the most generic quality spaces such as 1D, 2D, and 3D extension, temperature, mass or electrical current. This region IS the absolute extent of the quality, independent of a human observer. A quale in turn, is the atomic region for a human agent. See spatio-temporal quale. An atomic quality region cannot have any parts.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: astqr-is-part-of-nastqr
  all values from: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: aqr-grounds-arr
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: first-atomic-quality-region-role
  on property: qr-plays-role

cognitively-composed-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A cognitively composed reference space partitions a composed quality space that is formed by a cognitive process, which cannot be further decomposed. Take as example the composed quality space of colour. The basic quality spaces hue, saturation and brightness are composed in a cognitively adequate way.
subclass of: composed-reference-space

three-dimensional-spatial-feature
type: Class
comment: _c: A three dimensional feature is located in a three dimensional space region.
subclass of: spatial-feature
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: threeD-spatial-location-quality
  on property: has-spatial-location-quality
disjoint with: two-dimensional-spatial-feature
disjoint with: one-dimensional-spatial-feature

threeD-spatial-location-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A 3D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a three dimensional physical space region.
subclass of: spatial-location-quality

threeD-shape-quality
type: Class
subclass of: spatial-shape-quality
comment: _c: A three-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in three dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 3D space region.

has-indirect-divisor
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is-indirect-divisor
domain: composed-by-division-reference-region
comment: _c: A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the divisor are related via the has-FO-divisor relation to the composed reference region. In a composed reference space where the regions are created by dividing the values of the constituting regions, a composed regions has exactly one "has-divisor" relation to a relational-basic-reference-region and exactly one "has-dividend" relation to an relational-basic-reference-region.
sub property of: has-indirect-arithmetic-operator
version info: TODO: was FO-relation
range: basic-reference-space

has-indirect-dividend
type: ObjectProperty
domain: composed-by-multiplication reference-region
range: basic-reference-space
inverse of: is-indirect-dividend
sub property of: has-indirect-arithmetic-operator
comment: A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the dividend are related via the has-indirect-dividend relation to the composed reference region. In a composed reference space where the regions are created by dividing the values of the constituting regions, a composed region has exactly one "has-divisor" relation to a relational-basic-reference-region and exactly one "has-dividend" relation to an relational-basic-reference-region.

arr-plays-marr-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: median-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
comment: _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of the median atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The median atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the median region. Being the median region is not a rigid property, thus median region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region.
domain: atomic-reference-region
sub property of: rr-plays-role
inverse of: marr-role-is-played-by-arr

arr-plays-farr-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: rr-plays-role
inverse of: farr-role-is-played-by-arr
comment: _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of the first atomic reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The first atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the first reference region. Being the first region is not a rigid property, thus first region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region.
domain: atomic-reference-region
range: first-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region

arr-is-part-of-nrr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A non-atomic-reference-region has an atomic-reference-region as part.
inverse of: narr-has-part-arr
range: non-atomic-reference-region
domain: atomic-reference-region
sub property of: is-part-of

arr-plays-uom-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: atomic-reference-region
sub property of: rr-plays-role
comment: _c: An atomic reference region plays the role of a unit of measure. Atomic reference regions are entities that perfectly map to atomic quality regions. Atomic reference regions independently exist from atomic quality regions. Thus we chose one of these entities and assign the role of being a unit of measure to it. Being a unit of measure is a non-rigid property for a atomic reference region. Thus unit of measure can not be a sub category of atomic reference region.
inverse of: uom-role-is-played-by-arr
range: unit-of-measure

last-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: Any regular reference region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore any regular reference region has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that regular region. --> not in FOL characterization!
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
  on property: larr-role-is-played-by-arr
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: larr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space

arr-plays-larr-role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: An atomic reference region can play the role of a last reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The last atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the last region. Bing the last region is not a rigid property, thus last reference region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region but requires a relation via a role.
range: last-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
inverse of: larr-role-is-played-by-arr
sub property of: rr-plays-role
domain: atomic-reference-region

arr-is-grounded-by-aqr
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
  union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  union of: abstract-quale
domain: atomic-reference-region
inverse of: aqr-grounds-arr
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
comment: _c: An atomic reference region maps perfectly on an atomic (spatio-temporal or abstract) quality region. This relation marks the transition from "real world" qualities to social objects. This relation "hides" the symbol grounding problem. The atomic reference regions are non-communicable in the same way as the absolute atomic quality regions are non-communicable. But this relations establishes a 1:n relation between the real world quantity and the entities used to communicate about them. There are many different atomic reference regions which map perfectly on an atomic quality region.

astqr-is-part-of-nastqr
type: ObjectProperty
range: non-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
inverse of: nastqr-has-part-astqr
version info: TODO: clarify
comment: _c: (inverse) A non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region has as part an atomic spatio-temporal quality region.
domain: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
sub property of: is-part-of

aqr-grounds-arr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: An atomic reference region is grounded by an atomic (spatio-temporal or abstract) quality region. This relation marks the transition from "real world" qualities to social objects. This relation "hides" the symbol grounding problem. The atomic reference regions are non-communicable in the same way as the absolute atomic quality regions are non-communicable. But this relations establishes a 1:n relation between the real world quantity and the entities used to communicate about them. There are many different atomic reference regions which map perfectly on an atomic quality region.
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  union of: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
  union of: abstract-quale
range: atomic-reference-region
inverse of: arr-is-grounded-by-aqr

variance
type: Class
subclass of: statistical-abstract-quality
comment: _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated. variance = average of the squared deviation.

n-aq-diameter
type: Class
subclass of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c1: A diameter quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The diameter of a lake is a non-atomic quality since a lake as at any time more than one diameter magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its diameter quality.

atomic-cognitively-composed-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: cognitively-composed-quality-region
comment: _c: A cognitively composed quality space has as parts cognitively composed quality regions. For example one can consider a certain shade of red as constituted by the atomic regions of the constituting basic qualities (hue, saturation and brightness). This is different from a composed quale, since a quale is a non-atomic quality region. The aspect that an atomic region is constituted might be confusing at the first glance. Yet "atomic" refers to the fact that the magnitude as such is not further dividable. Speed, for example does necessarily involve a distance magnitude and a speed magnitude. These are not parts of the speed magnitude which would emerge as parts when the speed magnitude is divided.

sf-is-lower-dimensional-part-of-sf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: spatial-feature
range: spatial-feature
inverse of: sf-has-lower-dimensional-part-sf
sub property of: is-part-of
comment: _c: (inverse)If a feature is part of another feature, then the feature is a lower dimensional part of the other spatial feature. Spatial features have only spatial features as parts.

sf-has-indirect-spatial-quality
type: ObjectProperty
range: Class
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
inverse of: is-indirect-spatial-quality-of
sub property of: indirect-relation
comment: fp: revise
domain: feature

sf-has-lower-dimensional-part-sf
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: If a feature is part of another feature, then the feature is a lower dimensional part of the other spatial feature. Spatial features have only spatial features as parts.
domain: spatial-feature
range: spatial-feature
inverse of: sf-is-lower-dimensional-part-of-sf
sub property of: has-part

lnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: narr-plays-lnarr-role
range: non-atomic-reference-region
domain: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
comment: fp:The last reference region role is played by a non-atomic reference region

lnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
version info: TODO: restrict the type of reference space. Not all reference spaces do have a last reference region.
comment: fp: A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that in turn plays the role of being the last non-atomic reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
inverse of: rs has-indirect-part-lnarr-role

larr-role-is-played-by-arr
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: arr-plays-larr-role
range: atomic-reference-region
domain: last-atomic-region-in-regular-reference-region
comment: _c: (inverse) An atomic reference region can play the role of a last reference region in a non-atomic reference region. The last atomic reference region role is played by an atomic reference region. This is, within a non-atomic region, there is a certain atomic reference region that plays the role of the last region. Bing the last region is not a rigid property, thus last reference region can not be modeled as sub-category of atomic reference region but requires a relation via a role.
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr

larr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: atomic-reference-region-role
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-role
comment: _c: (inverse) The domain and range of this relation are roles. Yet the intended part-of relation holds between the entities that play these roles. A non-atomic reference region can play certain roles (e.g. grounding region, last-non-atomic reference region, regular non-atomic reference region etc.). In this case, the non-atomic reference region has as part an atomic reference region that in turn plays the role of the last atomic reference region of that non-atomic reference region. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
inverse of: narr-role has-indirect-part larr-role
range: non-atomic-reference-region-role

ar-diameter
type: Class
comment: fp: A diameter quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. The diameter of a perfect circle is atomic. Atomic refers to the extent of the region, not to its location in the quality space. An ellipse has a non-atomic diameter quality. In other words it diameter quality is characterized by a value range.
subclass of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality

scientifically-composed-quality-space
type: Class
version info: TODO: Add restrictions to distinguish cognitive quality spaces from scientific quality spaces
subclass of: composed-quality-space
comment: _c: A quality space with more then one quality dimensions. The composition of the quality dimensions follows some scientific theory. In most cases, arithemtics are applied. The regions of an arithmetically compose quality space can be compared quantitatively. The possibility of quantitatively comparing quality regions is equivalent with the possibility to rearrange the quality regions on a single dimension. Expressing the possibility of rearranging a composed quality space as one-dimensional space requires further work. The possible rearrangement is a central distinguishing characteristic from cognitively composed quality spaces, where the constituting dimensions are not substitutable.

composed-by-multiplication-reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: composed-by-multiplication reference-region
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
comment: _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by multiplication.

composed-by-multiplication reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-indirect-factor
  min cardinality: 2
comment: _c: A composed by multiplication reference region is a reference region that is composed by multiplying two (or more) basic reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are necessarily part of a rational-linear-basic-reference space. FACTOR (Fa-Rl) is, at the current stage, not further specified.

is-indirectly-denoted-by
type: ObjectProperty
range: information-object
sub property of: indirect-relation-i
inverse of: denotes-indirectly uom
comment: _c: This relation holds between an information object and a region-role. However it is intended to indicate that the information object denotes the entity that plays the region-role. For example, an information object denotes the reference region that plays the role of a unit of measure.
domain: region-role

three-d-physical-space-region
type: Class
comment: _c1: Features that extent in three dimensions have a physical location at a 3D physical space region. This region in turn is located in absolute physical space. Only three dimensional spatial location qualities can be located at three dimensional space regions.
subclass of: physical-space-region

non-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-space
comment: _c: A non-boundary quality space has no origin, this is, it has no atomic quality region that plays the role of being the first or smallest magnitude. See comment on linear spatio temporal basic quality space.

dependent-place
type: Class
subclass of: feature
comment: A feature that is not part of its host, like a hole in a piece of cheese, the underneath of a table, the front of a house, or the shadow of a tree.

non-border-st-basic-quality-space
type: Class
comment: _c: A non-boundary quality space has no origin. It is not possible to identify neither the first atomic region in such a quality space nor a last-atomic region (see roles of atomic regions for more details). Quality regions cannot be ordered with respect to their magnitude. For example, absolute time is a non-boundary quality space. More work is needed on this category. In this definition, the has-indirect-property relation is used. It employs the binary predicates has-part and plays-role as variables. It is considered syntactic sugar, since such statements are not full-fledged second-order statements, since they can be given in first-order statements too, as shown below.
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space

composed-by-addition-reference-region
type: Class
comment: _c: A composed by addition reference region is a reference region that is composed by adding two (or more) reference regions. The composing basic reference regions are part of a (rational or interval) – (linear or radial) basic-reference spaces. The reference regions that are constituting a composed-by-addition-reference region must be part of a rational reference space or an interval reference space. The role summand (Sm-Rl) is, at the current stage, not further specified.
subclass of: Restriction
  min cardinality: 2
  on property: has-indirect-summand
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-region

has-indirect-summand
type: ObjectProperty
range: basic-reference-space
comment: _c: A composed reference region can be composed by division. The regions that play the role of the dividend are related via the has-FO-dividend relation to the composed reference region.
sub property of: has-indirect-arithmetic-operator
inverse of: is-indirect-summand
version info: TODO: was FO-relation
domain: composed-by-addition-reference-region

constitutes
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
comment: _c: (inverse) The original relation was "dol:has-generic-constituent". Yet this wording indicates that the range is a constituent, which in turn is a role some particular can play. What we intent to say is that some particular is constituted by some other particular.
inverse of: is-constituted-by
domain: particular

last-atomic-region-in-first-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: larr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: larr-role-is-played-by-arr
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
comment: _c: Any first-non-atomic-reference-region is necessarily a non-atomic reference region. Therefore it has an atomic reference region that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that first reference region of the reference space. --> not in FOL characterization!

two-border-st-basic-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: spatio-temporal-basic-quality-space
comment: _c: A quality space can have two borders. Strictly speaking, such spaces are sub-spaces of some generic space. A quality, e.g. color can have a sub-space, e.g. redness-space. If redness is understood as a quality itself, all its values are located in a redness-space that is part of the generic color space. However, it often seems useful to specify qualities that restrict the quality space at which they can be located at.

median-quality-role
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: MdqR-is-played-by-q
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
    union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
subclass of: quantile-role
comment: _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only an atomic spatial extent quality can play a median quality role. This role is played in relation to a refined non-atomic spatial extent quality in whose non-atomic quality region the atomic quality region that plays this role is a part of.

MdqR-is-played-by-q
type: ObjectProperty
domain: median-quality-role
inverse of: q-plays-Md-role
comment: _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a median quality. The median quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the median depth quality.
sub property of: quality-role-is-played-by-q
range: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality

cognitively-composed-quality-space
type: Class
subclass of: composed-quality-space
version info: TODO: Add restrictions to distinguish cognitive quality spaces from scientific quality spaces
comment: _c: A cognitively composed quality space is a quality space with more then one quality dimension. The composition of the quality dimensions follows some cognitive theory. The double cone for color is an example for a cognitively constructed quality space. Quality regions in a cognitively composed quality space cannot be compared quantitatively. Green is not more then red or less then black. Yet, a cognitively composed quality space allows to establish a similarity assessment between quality regions. A region is more similar to a region located close by then to a distant quality region. This category requires further work..

number
type: Class
comment: fp: this category does need mayor revision.
subclass of: abstract

stative
type: Class
comment: An occurrence-type is stative or eventive according to whether it holds of the mereological sum of two of its instances, i.e. if it is cumulative or not. A sitting occurrence is stative since the sum of two sittings is still a sitting occurrence.
subclass of: perdurant

twoD-spatial-location-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A 2D spatial location quality is necessarily located at a two dimensional physical space region.
subclass of: spatial-location-quality

twoD-shape-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A two-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in three dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 2D space region.
subclass of: spatial-shape-quality

accomplishment
type: Class
subclass of: event
comment: Eventive occurrences (events) are called achievements if they are atomic, otherwise they are accomplishments.Further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be seen as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (collapsing the time interval of the erosion into a time point), as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) causation focus, b) effectual focus, c) condensation d) transition (causality).

arithmetically-composed-quality-region
type: Class
subclass of: scientifically-composed-quality-region
comment: _c: In contrast to cognitively composed quality regions, the composition of arithmetically composed quality regions follows arithemtics. In physics, many qualities are quantified via ratios and multiplication of basic qualities, for example, density, speed or acceleration. The main difference to cognitively composed quality regions is that arithmetically composed quality regions can be ordered along a single dimension.

non-atomic-arithmetically-composed-quality-region
type: Class
comment: A region at which only arithmetically composed qualities can be located, yet which accounts for multiple atomic-arithmetically-composed quality regions. The constituting quality regions must be non atomic. For example, non-atomic quality regions in a quality space for speed might be labeled /slow/ or /fast/. The "size" of the non-atomic quality region depends on the context in which the speed observation is performed. This context is reflected in how the sizes of the regions are chosen..
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: arithmetically-composed-quality-region
  on property: naqr-has-part-aqr
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-quality-region

physical-object
type: Class
comment: _c: A physical object has physical qualities or composed qualities. Any physical object has a spatial feature as part. Via its spatial features, a physical object has indirectly a spatial location quality.
disjoint with: amount-of-matter
disjoint with: feature
subclass of: physical-endurant

last-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: larr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce
comment: fp:_--> not in FOL characterization!

composed-by-addition-reference-space
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-reference-space
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: rs-has-part-rr
  all values from: composed-by-addition-reference-region
comment: _c: A scientific reference space whose regions are composed by addition.

n-aq-width
type: Class
subclass of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c: A width quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The width of a river is a non-atomic quality since a river has at any time more than one width magnitude. In other words a river has a magnitude range for its width quality.

has-indirect-quality-location qs
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality-space
inverse of: qs-is-indirect-quality-location-of
sub property of: indirect-relation
domain: quality
comment: fp: a quality is located in a region. The region is part of a quality space. When searching for qualities alocated in a certain quality space, it appears useful to state that a quality is indriectly located in the quality space of which the region is part at which the quality is located.

observation
type: Class
subclass of: accomplishment
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: o-creates-or
  all values from: observation-result
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: o-observes-q
  all values from: quality
comment: _c: OBSERVATION is a sub-category of the DOLCE category ACCOMPLISHMENT which in turn is a sub-category of EVENT. In this sense, the accomplishment of observing some quality creates an observation result. An observation and the created observation result are two distinct entities. An observation observes a quality. Central to this process is the identification of a reference region that partitions some quality region in the quality space in which the observed quality is located.

is-observed-by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: quality
sub property of: mediated-relation-i
range: observation
comment: _c: A quality is observed by an observation. Virtually, only qualities are observable entities.
inverse of: o-observes-q

median-atomic-region-in-last-reference-region
type: Class
comment: fp:_ --> not in FOL characterization!
subclass of: atomic-reference-region-role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: marr-role-is-FO-part-of-narr-role
  all values from: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce

abstract-quale
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: aqr-grounds-arr
  all values from: atomic-reference-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  on property: aaqr-is-part-of-naaqr
subclass of: abstract-basic-quality-region
comment: _c: From an ontological perspective, it is important to note that abstract quale and absolute-atomic-abstract-region are identical. Since an abstract space is based on conventions, its smallest regions are also subject to conventions. This is the central difference to a spatio-temporal-quale. Here the absolute-atomic-spatio-temporal-region is not subject to conventions, it is part of physical reality. A spatio-temporal quale is a non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region. In turn, an abstract quale is an atomic abstract region.

aaqr-is-part-of-naaqr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is-part-of
comment: _c: (inverse) A non-atomic abstract quality region has as part an atomic abstract quality region. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space.
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  union of: abstract-quale
range: non-atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
inverse of: naaqr-has-part-aaqr

subtrahend
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetic-role
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the subtrahend when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.

state
type: Class
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings.In general, states differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion.On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a state of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation.Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a state-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical states under 'state', e.g. 'turgor', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive turgor states, these will be put under 'situation'.Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE.A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another).In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift from one aspect to another: a) …
subclass of: stative

has-indirect-quality-location uom
type: ObjectProperty
range: unit-of-measure
sub property of: indirect-relation
inverse of: uom is-indirect-quality-location-of
comment: _c: The relation has-location relates a quality and its quality region (aka quantity). The relation has-indirect-quality-location relates a region extension quality (RE-Q) to the role that is played by the atomic reference region (A-RR) that in turn maps perfectly on the atomic quality region (A-QR) of the region extension quality. In this case, the role that is played by the atomic reference region is a unit of measure. The special characteristic of a region-extension-quality is that its quantity is the conventionally agreed quantity of a unit of measure. In other words, the “value” of a region-extension-quality is always agreed on by convention and thus can be represented by an atomic reference region. In other words, a region-extension quality is an abstract quality that characterizes the extension (the “width”) of a reference region. This quality is reflected for example in the distance of two marks on a ruler. An extension quality is located in either an atomic-abstract-quality-region or an atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region. These are perfectly mapped by an atomic reference region which in turn plays the unit of measure.
version info: TODO: was FO-relation
domain: region-extension-quality

average
type: Class
comment: _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated.
subclass of: statistical-abstract-quality

fnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that plays the role of being the first reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL)
range: rational-basic-reference-space
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
inverse of: rs has-indirect-part fnarr-role
domain: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space

fnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
range: non-atomic-reference-region
inverse of: narr-plays-fnarr-role
domain: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
comment: fp: the first non-atomic reference region role is played by a non-atomic reference region.

o-creates-or
type: ObjectProperty
domain: observation
comment: _c: An observation is an accomplishment that creates an observation result. Strictly, one part of such an accomplishment is the creation of an observation result. Yet the creation of an observation result is the only purpose of performing an observation.
inverse of: or-is-created-by-o
sub property of: mediated-relation
range: observation-result

o-observes-q
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality
domain: observation
sub property of: mediated-relation
inverse of: is-observed-by
comment: _c: An Observation observes a quality. Virtually, only qualities are observable entities.

n-aq-height
type: Class
subclass of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c1: A height quality with a more then one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The height of a house is a non-atomic quality since a house has at any time more than one depth magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its depth quality.

narr-plays-fnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: first-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
inverse of: fnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
sub property of: rr-plays-role
domain: non-atomic-reference-region
comment: _c: A non-atomic reference region can play the role of the first non-atomic region in a reference space.

narr-plays-lnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: lnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
comment: _c: A non-atomic reference region can play the role of the last non-atomic region in a reference space. This role is only played by regions forming an ordinal reference space. .
sub property of: rr-plays-role
domain: non-atomic-reference-region
range: last-non-atomic-region-in-ref-sapce

narr-plays-grr-role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region.
sub property of: rr-plays-role
range: grounding-region-in-ref-space
inverse of: grr-role-is-played-by-narr
domain: non-atomic-reference-region

narr-plays-rnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: regular-non-atomic-region-in-ref-space
domain: non-atomic-reference-region
comment: _c: A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region.
inverse of: rnarr-role-is-played-by-narr
sub property of: rr-plays-role

process
type: Class
subclass of: stative
comment: Within stative occurrences, we distinguish between states and processes according to homeomericity: sitting is classified as a state but running is classified as a process, since there are (very short) temporal parts of a running that are not themselves runnings. In general, processes differ from situations because they are not assumed to have a description from which they depend. They can be sequenced by some course, but they do not require a description as a unifying criterion. On the other hand, at any time, one can conceive a description that asserts the constraints by which a process of a certian type is such, and in this case, it becomes a situation. Since the decision of designing an explicit description that unifies a perdurant depends on context, task, interest, application, etc., when aligning an ontology do DLP, there can be indecision on where to align a process-oriented class. For example, in the WordNet alignment, we have decided to put only some physical processes under 'process', e.g. 'organic process', in order to stress the social orientedness of DLP. But whereas we need to talk explicitly of the criteria by which we conceive organic processes, these will be put under 'situation'. Similar considerations are made for the other types of perdurants in DOLCE. A different notion of event (dealing with change) is currently investigated for further developments: being 'achievement', 'accomplishment', 'state', 'event', etc. can be also considered 'aspects' of processes or of parts of them. For example, the same process 'rock erosion in the Sinni valley' can be conceptualized as an accomplishment (what has brought the current state that e.g. we are trying to explain), as an achievement (the erosion process as the result of a previous accomplishment), as a state (if we collapse the time interval of the erosion into a time point), or as an event (what has changed our focus from a state to another). In the erosion case, we could have good motivations to shift …

standard-deviation
type: Class
subclass of: statistical-abstract-quality
comment: _c: This quality involves discrete reference regions. Reference regions are "countable". Only via reference regions average, standard deviation or variance can be calculated.

interval-basic-reference-space
type: Class
comment: _c: An interval basic reference space is a basic reference space that allows operations on its reference regions that are valid for interval scales according to Stevens (1946). Every interval reference space has as part two grounding magnitudes. These ground two atomic reference regions in the semantic reference space. This allows to establish interval scales on non-boundary quality spaces. Take for example temperature. When an interval scale is applied, a conceptualization of temperature in a non-boundary quality space is possible. The two grounding magnitudes, e.g. boiling and freezing water allow establishing reference regions with equal size. For example, having a thermometer where the spaces between the marks on the scale are not equal is not useful.
subclass of: basic-reference-space

ar-length
type: Class
subclass of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: fp: A length quality with a single magnitude at a time. *atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an atomic region. The length of a table edge is atomic. Atomic refers to the extent of the region.

set
type: Class
subclass of: abstract
comment: dol: A mathematical set.

non-physical-object
type: Class
comment: Formerly known as description. A unitary endurant with no mass (non-physical), generically constantly depending on some agent, on some communication act, and indirectly on some agent participating in that act. Both descriptions (in the now current sense) and concepts are non-physical objects.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has-part
  all values from: non-physical-object
subclass of: non-physical-endurant

endurant-role
type: Class
comment: fp: A role that can be played by an endurant.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: role-is-played-by
  some values from: endurant
subclass of: role

direction-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A distance is dependent on at least two entities.
subclass of: relational-quality

denotes-indirectly uom
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is-indirectly-denoted-by
comment: _c: An information object can denote an atomic reference region. This is commonly done when a community agrees on some atomic quality region for establishing reference spaces. This atomic reference region then plays the role of a unit of measure. The information object, for example “m” denotes indirectly the unit of measure, for example meter.
domain: information-object
range: region-role
sub property of: indirect-relation

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
comment: _c: An information object (a word or symbol) denotes a particular. Compare to the relation “denotes-FO”.
domain: information-object
inverse of: is-denoted-by

diversity-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: Diversity can be modelled as the number of different entities “occurring” in a certain setting. For example, a river segment has a high current-diversity, if different current types occur often. This is different to the statistical quality variance. More work is required on this category. Diversity can be modeled as relational quality between the region of a non-atomic-quale-quality and its "significant value clusters" (= number of significant changes). Significance is context dependent. Just a large value range for a quality does not justice to the notion of diversity. For example, if a river segment has many different values for its depth quality then high depth diversity can not be concluded. Compare a river segment that continually increases depth with one where the depth varies within the same range several times. The depth range of both segments is identical, the depth diversity is not.
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is-quality-of
  all values from: particular
subclass of: number-of-quality

oneD-shape-quality
type: Class
comment: _c: A one-D shape quality characterizes the shape of some entity in one dimensions. A shape quality that has as spatial location quality that is located at a 1D space region.
subclass of: spatial-shape-quality

has-indirect-subtrahend
type: ObjectProperty
range: basic-reference-space
domain: composed-by-subtraction-reference-region
sub property of: has-indirect-arithmetic-operator
comment: _c: A composed reference region can be composed by subtraction. The regions that play the role of the subtrahend are related via the has-FO-subtrahend relation to the composed reference region.
inverse of: is-indirect-subtrahend
version info: TODO: was FO-relation

minimum-quality-role
type: Class
comment: _c: At this stage of the ontology development, only an atomic spatial extent quality can play a minimum quality role. The role-playing quality’s atomic quality region is itself playing the role of being the first region in this non-atomic quality region. See the characterization of first atomic quality region role (FAQR-Rl).
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
    union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
  on property: MinqR-is-played-by-q
subclass of: quantile-role

MinqR-is-played-by-q
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) An atomic region quality can play the role of a minimum quality. The minimum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the minimum depth quality.
inverse of: q-plays-Min-role
sub property of: quality-role-is-played-by-q
domain: maximum-quality-role
range: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality

has-indirect-factor
type: ObjectProperty
version info: TODO: was FO-relation
inverse of: is-indirect-factor
range: basic-reference-space
domain: composed-by-multiplication reference-region
comment: _c: A composed reference region can be composed by multiplication. The regions that play the role of the factors are related via the has-FO-factor relation.
sub property of: has-indirect-arithmetic-operator

or-role-is-played-by-rr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: The observation result role can be played by an non-atomic-reference region as well as by a composed reference region. Reference regions exist as such. If, during an observation accomplishment, a reference region is identified as approximating the atomic quality region of the observed quality best, then this region plays the role of the observation result.
inverse of: rr-plays-or-role
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
range: Class
  union of: composed-reference-region
  union of: non-atomic-reference-region
domain: observation-result

atomic-arithemtically-composed-quality-region
type: Class
comment: _c:The absolute physical extent of some arithmetically composed quality is located at an atomic arithmetically composed quality region. "Atomic" refers to the fact, that the region is the absolute extent. Composed refers to the fact, that at least two basic quality region are involved in composing that region. For example, the density quality of pure platinum is located at an atomic arithmetically composed quality region. The constituting quality regions must be atomic.
subclass of: arithmetically-composed-quality-region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    complement of: quality-region
  on property: naqr-has-part-aqr
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: qr-is-part-of-qr
  all values from: composed-quality-region

qr-is-part-of-qr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A non-atomic quality region has an atomic quality region as part. Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space.
sub property of: is-part-of
domain: quality-region
range: quality-region
inverse of: naqr-has-part-aqr

bqr-constitutes-cqr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A composed quality region is constituted by basic quality regions.
range: composed-quality-region
sub property of: constitutes
inverse of: cqr-is-constituted-by-bqr
domain: basic-quality-region

divisor
type: Class
subclass of: arithmetic-role
comment: _c: A reference region can play the role of the divisor when constituting an arithmetically composed reference region. This category is not further specified.

cqr-is-constituted-by-bqr
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A composed quality region is constituted by basic quality regions.
range: basic-quality-region
domain: composed-quality-region
sub property of: is-constituted-by
inverse of: bqr-constitutes-cqr

n-aq-depth
type: Class
comment: _c1: A depth quality with a more than one magnitude at a time. *non-atomic* indicates that this quality is located at an non-atomic quality region. The depth of a lake is a non-atomic quality since a lake as at any time more than one depth magnitude. In other words a lake has a magnitude range for its depth quality.
subclass of: non-atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality

plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: role-is-played-by
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: role
comment: _c: Any particular can play a role.

immediate-relation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: immediate-relation-i
domain: particular
range: particular
comment: A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.

role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
type: ObjectProperty
range: reference-space
comment: _c: (inverse) A reference space has some entity as part that plays a certain role. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL)
inverse of: rs has-indirect-part role
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of
domain: region-role

rr-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: reference-region
inverse of: role-is-played-by-rr
comment: _c: A reference region can play a reference region role.
range: reference-region-role
sub property of: r-plays-role

role-is-played-by-rr
type: ObjectProperty
domain: reference-region-role
range: reference-region
comment: _c: A reference region role is played-by a reference region.
sub property of: region-role-is-played-by-r
inverse of: rr-plays-role

r-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: plays-role
domain: region
comment: _c: A region can play a role.
inverse of: region-role-is-played-by-r
range: region-role

q-plays-Md-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: median-quality-role
inverse of: MdqR-is-played-by-q
comment: _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a median quality. The median quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the median depth quality.
sub property of: q-plays-role
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality

q-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: quality
inverse of: quality-role-is-played-by-q
sub property of: plays-role
range: quality-role
comment: _c: A quality can play a role. For example, from the many depth qualities a lake entertains, a certain depth quality plays the role of the maximum depth quality. The quality as such keeps its identity, while another depth quality could take over the role of playing the maximum depth quality. For this reason, maximal-lake-depth is a role and not a sub-category of lake depth quality.

bq-constitutes-cq
type: ObjectProperty
range: composed-quality
comment: _c: A basic quality can constitute a composed quality.
inverse of: cq-is-constituted-by-bq
sub property of: constitutes
domain: basic-quality

temporary-atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Having an atom as part at a time t.
range: endurant
sub property of: temporary-proper-part
inverse of: temporary-atomic-part-of
domain: endurant

temporary-proper-part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: temporary-proper-part-of
domain: endurant
range: endurant
comment: Being proper part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model proper parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole.
sub property of: has-temporary-part
sub property of: proper-part

has-perceptive-atomic-part
type: ObjectProperty
version info: TODO: clarify. Restrict to qualia
inverse of: is-perceptive-atomic-part-of
comment: The part relation between a particular and an atom.
sub property of: has-part
range: region

is-constituted-by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
inverse of: constitutes
comment: _c: The original relation was "dol:has-generic-constituent". Yet this wording indicates that the range is a constituent, which in turn is a role some particular can play. What we intent to say is that some particular is constituted by some other particular.
range: particular

immediate-relation-i
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
range: particular
inverse of: immediate-relation
comment: A relation that holds without additional mediating individuals. In logical terms, a non-composed relation.

role has-indirect-part role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: An entity that plays a certain role can have as part another entity that also plays a role. This relation is a “short cut” establishing part-of relations between entities via the roles they play. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)
version info: TODO: was role-has-FO-part-role (FO-relation)
sub property of: has-indirect-part role
domain: role
inverse of: role-is-indirect-part-of-role

has-temporary-part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: temporary-part-of
sub property of: has-part
sub property of: partly-compresent
range: endurant
comment: Being part at time t. It holds for endurants only. This is important to model parts that can change or be lost over time without affecting the identity of the whole. In FOL, this is expressed as a ternary relation, but in DLs we only can reason with binary relations, then only the necessary axiom of compresence is represented here.
domain: endurant

partly-compresent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A composed (mediated) relation used here to make relations 'temporary': by adding it as a superrelation, the effect is that the two related endurants cannot be present at all the same time intervals, but are compresent at least at some time interval (see related axiom).In FOL, the same constraint can be stated directly by coreference.This workaround can be used to index time of relations that involve reciprocal dependency, but it cannot be used in general with relations involving multiple strata of reality. For example, _about_ relation can be temporally indexed, without involving that the time of the information object overlaps with the time of the entity the information is about (but this works for e.g. the _realizes_ relation between information objects and entities whatsoever). The different temporal constraints of about vs. expresses probably derive from the dependency of aboutness from conception (to be about x, an information object should also express a description d that is satisfied by a situation including x, then temporal overlapping of _about_ is true in virtue of d). On the other hand, even conceives cannot be indexed in this way, because overlapping does not hold between the time og the conceiving agent, and the conceived description (or situation).
range: particular
domain: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation

mediated-relation
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: mediated-relation-i
range: particular
domain: particular
comment: A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation.

mediated-relation-i
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
comment: A relation that composes other relations. For example, a participation relation composed with a representation relation. Composed relation cannot be directly expressed in OWL-DL, then (at least some) compositions are expressed as class or restriction axioms.
range: particular

role-is-indirect-part-of-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: role
inverse of: role has-indirect-part role
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of
domain: role
comment: _c: (inverse) An entity that plays a certain role can have as part another entity that also plays a role. This relation is a “short cut” establishing part-of relations between entities via the roles they play. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

generic-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The dependence on an individual of a given type at some time. This is traditionally a relation between particulars and universals, but this one states that x generically depends on y if a z different from y, but with the same properties, can be equivalently its depend-on.This is a temporally-indexed relation (embedded in this syntax).
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
range: particular
inverse of: generically-dependent-on

rs has-indirect-part-lnarr-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: lnarr-role-is-FO-part-of-rs
sub property of: rs has-indirect-part role
comment: fp: A reference space that has a non-atomic-reference –region as part that in turn plays the role of being the last non-atomic reference region in that reference space. (This is a statement that can not be expressed fully in OWL.)

rs has-indirect-part role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has-indirect-part role
range: region-role
domain: reference-space
inverse of: role-is-indirect-part-of-rs
comment: _c: A reference space (RS) has some reference region (RR) as part. This reference region in turn plays a certain role. The relation re_has-indirect-part_role relates a reference space directly with a role one of its regions is playing. See the relations sub-relations for further specification. This statement can notbe fully given in OWL.

has-indirect-part role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: role-is-indirect-part-of
comment: _c: Abstract and physical entities can not have roles as parts. However, they can have parts that play a certain role. We intent to express that a certain entity has another entity as part which plays a certain role. For example, any reference space has as part a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region. It would not be correct to state that a reference space has as part a grounding region, since a reference space can not have roles as parts. In order to express this, we introduce the has-FO-part (FO = first order). Since first order statements are not possible in OWL we rely on this auxiliary relation to indicate the need for more expressivity. Ontologically, it is not correct to state that some role is part of some particular. This relation (and its sub-relations) are intended to mean that the entity that plays the role is part of the entity that entertains this relation.
version info: TODO: was has-FO-part-role (FO-relation)
range: role
sub property of: indirect-relation

role-is-indirect-part-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: indirect-relation-i
comment: _c: Abstract and physical entities can not have roles as parts. However, they can have parts that play a certain role. We intent to express that a certain entity has another entity as part which plays a certain role. For example, any reference space has a part a non-atomic region that plays the role of a grounding region. It would not be correct to state that a reference space has as part a grounding region, since a reference space can not have roles as parts. In order to express this, we introduce the has-FO-part (FO = first order). Since first order statements are not possible in OWL we rely on this auxiliary relation to indicate the need for more expressivity. Ontologically, it is not correct to state that some role is part of some particular. This relation (and its sub-relations) are intended to mean that the entity that plays the role is part of the entity that entertains this relation.
domain: role
inverse of: has-indirect-part role

role-is-played-by-role
type: ObjectProperty
range: role
comment: _c: (inverse) A role itself can play a role. For example a person plays the role of a student, and that student in turn plays the role of a student-representative. (This relation could also be extended to role-plays-FO-role to indicate that an entity that plays a role does also play another role und thus serve as "short-cut".)
inverse of: role-plays-role
sub property of: role-is-played-by

role-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: A role itself can play a role. For example a person plays the role of a student, and that student in turn plays the role of a student-representative. (This relation could also be extended to role-plays-FO-role to indicate that an entity that plays a role does also play another role und thus serve as "short-cut".)
domain: role
sub property of: plays-role
inverse of: role-is-played-by-role

is-relational-quality-of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is-quality-of
inverse of: has-relational-quality
comment: _c: A relational quality is a quality that relates two or more particulars to each other. Direction for example is a relational-quality that emerges when some object moves relative to some other object. A relational moment requires at least two other particulars to be present.
domain: relational-quality

has-relational-quality
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) A relational quality is a quality that relates two or more particulars to each other. Direction for example is a relational-quality that emerges when some object moves relative to some other object. A relational moment requires at least two other particulars to be present.
sub property of: has-quality
range: relational-quality
inverse of: is-relational-quality-of
domain: particular

quality-role-is-played-by-q
type: ObjectProperty
domain: quality-role
range: quality
inverse of: q-plays-role
comment: _c: (inverse) A quality can play a role. For example, from the many depth qualities a lake entertains, a certain depth quality plays the role of the maximum depth quality. The quality as such keeps its identity, while another depth quality could take over the role of playing the maximum depth quality. For this reason, maximal-lake-depth is a role and not a sub-category of lake depth quality.
sub property of: role-is-played-by

q-plays-Max-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: q-plays-role
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
comment: _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a maximum quality. The maximum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the maximum depth quality.
range: maximum-quality-role
inverse of: MaxqR-is-played-by-q

e-plays-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: plays-role
inverse of: role-is-played-by-endurant
domain: endurant
range: endurant-role
comment: _c: An endurant can play a role. For example, a lake can play the role of a recreation area. Recreation area is an entity that does only exist as long as the lake is used in a certain way.

role-is-played-by-endurant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: endurant-role
comment: _c: (inverse) An endurant can play a role. For example, a lake can play the role of a recreation area. Recreation area is an entity that does only exist as long as the lake is used in a certain way.
sub property of: role-is-played-by
inverse of: e-plays-role
range: endurant

specific-constant-dependent
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: particular
inverse of: specifically-constantly-dependent-on
comment: The constant dependence between two individuals. Taken here as primitive.

narr-has-part-arr
type: ObjectProperty
range: atomic-reference-region
comment: _c: A non-atomic-reference-region has an atomic-reference-region as part.
sub property of: has-part
inverse of: arr-is-part-of-nrr
domain: non-atomic-reference-region

temporary-participant
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Only some parts of the perdurant p have a participant e.In fact, participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').Implicitly, this relation has a temporal indexing.If needed, in OWL one can derive such indexing by expliciting what parts of p have e as _constant_ participant.An appropriate OWL axiom is created to bind this relation to a proper part of it, which has the temporary-participant as a constant one.
range: endurant
inverse of: temporary-participant-in
domain: perdurant
sub property of: participant

temporary-participant-in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: temporary-participant
comment: x participates in some of y's parts.
range: perdurant
sub property of: participant-in
domain: endurant

naaqr-has-part-aaqr
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: aaqr-is-part-of-naaqr
comment: _c: A non-atomic abstract quality region has as part an atomic abstract quality region. . Two entities that entertain this relation do necessarily belong to the same quality space.
sub property of: has-part
range: Class
  union of: atomic-abstract-basic-quality-region
  union of: abstract-quale

total-constant-participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: perdurant
sub property of: constant-participant
inverse of: total-constant-participant-in
range: endurant
comment: The perdurant p has a participant e that constantly participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where the concert is a solo concert).

constant-participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: perdurant
inverse of: constant-participant-in
range: endurant
sub property of: participant
comment: Anytime x is present, x has participant y. In other words, all parts of x have a same participant.Participation can be constant (in all parts of the perdurant, e.g. in 'the car is running'), or temporary (in only some parts, e.g. in 'I'm electing the president').

is-spatial-location-quality-of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has-spatial-location-quality
range: Class
  union of: spatial-quality
  union of: physical-endurant
comment: fp: In the strict sense of our FOIS 2006 paper on spatial dimensionality of qualities, only spatial features and spatial extent qualities can have spatial location quality. Here we relax this to allow also physical endurants to have spatial location qualities.
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: spatial-location-quality

location-of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: location
version info: TODO:reintroduce has-quality-location as sub-property
version info: TODO: reintroduce has-quale
domain: region
sub property of: immediate-relation-i
range: quality

hosts
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: specific-constant-dependent
domain: physical-endurant
range: feature
comment: _c: For example, a feature is hosted by some physical object. The difference to “part-of” is based on the specific constant dependence that exists between an hosted entity and the hosting entity.
inverse of: is-hosted-by

f-has-part-sf
type: ObjectProperty
domain: feature
range: spatial-feature
comment: _c: A feature has a spatial feature as part. More work is required to clarify the part-of relations between the different kinds of features.
sub property of: has-part
inverse of: sf-is-part-of-f

role-is-played-by-qr
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality-region
domain: quality-region-role
inverse of: qr-plays-role
sub property of: region-role-is-played-by-r
comment: _c: (inverse) A quality region can play a quality region role. For example, playing the role of the first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role in a quality space.

q-plays-Min-role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: q-plays-role
range: maximum-quality-role
domain: Class
  union of: atomic-region-oneD-spatial-extent-quality
  union of: atomic-region-twoD-spatial-extent-quality
inverse of: MinqR-is-played-by-q
comment: _c: An atomic region quality can play the role of a minimum quality. The minimum quality role can be played by an atomic-region-quality (a quality that is located at an atomic quality region). This atomic region quality necessarily refines some non-atomic region quality. For example, from all depth qualities that are indirect depth qualities of some water body, one is playing the role of the minimum depth quality.

sibling-part
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
domain: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
comment: Mereological sibling: having a common whole

nastqr-has-part-astqr
type: ObjectProperty
range: atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region
inverse of: astqr-is-part-of-nastqr
comment: _c: A non-atomic spatio-temporal quality region has as part an atomic spatio-temporal quality region.
sub property of: has-part
domain: non-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region

location
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The immediate relation holding for qualities and regions.
domain: quality
sub property of: immediate-relation
range: region
inverse of: location-of

grr-role-is-played-by-narr
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: role-is-played-by-rr
comment: _c: A grounding region plays the role of a non-atomic-reference-region. (inverse) A non-atomic reference region plays the role of a regular non-atomic region in a reference space. This role can be played by any non-atomic reference region that plays neither the first reference region nor the grounding region.
domain: grounding-region-in-ref-space
range: non-atomic-reference-region
inverse of: narr-plays-grr-role

qs-is-indirect-quality-location-of
type: ObjectProperty
range: quality
domain: quality-space
comment: fp: A quality space has quality regions as parts. These regions are the (direct) quality locations of qualities. The quality space is the indirect quality loacation of qualities. This sttement can not be given fully in OWL.
sub property of: indirect-relation-i
inverse of: has-indirect-quality-location qs

aqr-role-is-indirect-part-of-qs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) This is a relation between a quality space and a role. The role of being the first quality region in a space is played by an atomic quality region. The intended meaning of the relation is that a quality space has as part an atomic quality region that in turn plays the role of being the first region in the quality space.
inverse of: qs has-indirect-part faqr-role
range: Class
  union of: two-border-st-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-st-basic-quality-space
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of

qs has-indirect-part faqr-role
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: aqr-role-is-indirect-part-of-qs
version info: TODO: rewrite comment
sub property of: has-indirect-part role
comment: _c: A quality space can have an atomic abstract quality region as part that plays the role of being the first atomic region in that quality space. The quality space and the role of being the first atomic region are related via the relationa qs_has-indirect-part_faqr-role. This relation applies for the following sub-categories of quality space: One border abstract quality space (OBAB-QS), two border abstract quality space TBAB-QS, one border spatio temporal quality space (ONST-QS), two border spatio temporal quality space (TBST-QS). The roles of being the first region in the quality spaces are first-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region-role (FASTQR-Rl) and first-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role (FAAQR-R).
domain: Class
  union of: one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-st-basic-quality-space
  union of: two-border-st-basic-quality-space

weak-connection
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
sub property of: immediate-relation
domain: particular
comment: The basic connection, not requiring a common boundary.

proper-part
type: TransitiveProperty
inverse of: proper-part-of
comment: The proper part relation: irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive.
range: particular
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular
sub property of: has-part

e-constitutes-e
type: ObjectProperty
domain: endurant
sub property of: constitutes
inverse of: e-is-constituted-by-e
range: endurant
comment: fp: An endurant can be a consituting part of some other endurant.

e-is-constituted-by-e
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: e-constitutes-e
domain: endurant
comment: fp: (inverse) An endurant can be a consituting part of some other endurant.
range: endurant
sub property of: is-constituted-by

mereologically-coincides
type: ObjectProperty
domain: endurant
sub property of: has-temporary-part
range: endurant
comment: Having the same parts at time t.

total-temporary-participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: total-temporary-participant-in
domain: perdurant
sub property of: temporary-participant
comment: The perdurant p has a participant e that temporarily participates in p with all its parts, e.g. in 'I played the concert' (where I actually played just an ouverture).See also 'temporary-participant'.
range: endurant

laqr-role-is-indirect-part-of-qs
type: ObjectProperty
comment: _c: (inverse) The role of being the last quality region in a space is played by an atomic quality region. The intended meaning of the relation is that a quality space has as part an atomic quality region that in turn plays the role of being the last region in the quality space.
range: Class
  union of: two-border-st-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-st-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
inverse of: qs has-indirect-part laqr-role
sub property of: role-is-indirect-part-of

qs has-indirect-part laqr-role
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: one-border-abstract-basic-quality-space
  union of: one-border-st-basic-quality-space
  union of: two-border-st-basic-quality-space
sub property of: has-indirect-part role
inverse of: laqr-role-is-indirect-part-of-qs
comment: _c: A quality space can have an atomic abstract quality region as part that plays the role of being the last atomic region in that quality space. The quality space and the role of being the last atomic region are related via the relations qs_has-indirect-part_laqr-role. This relation applies for the following sub-categories of quality space: One border abstract quality space (OBAB-QS), two border abstract quality space TBAB-QS, one border spatio temporal quality space (ONST-QS), two border spatio temporal quality space (TBST-QS). The roles of being the last region in the quality spaces are last-atomic-spatio-temporal-quality-region-role (LASTQR-Rl) and last-atomic-abstract-quality-region-role (LAAQR-R).

strong-connection
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
sub property of: mediated-relation
domain: particular
comment: By strong connection here we mean a connection between two entities that share a boundary.

boundary-of
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular
domain: particular
comment: A boundary here is taken to be a part (mereological treatment). Consequently, in the case of endurants, (reified) boundaries are features.
inverse of: boundary
sub property of: proper-part-of

q-present-at
type: ObjectProperty
domain: physical-basic-quality
comment: Presence of a physical quality when inheres in an endurant.
sub property of: mediated-relation
inverse of: time-of-q-presence-of

has-unary-quality
type: ObjectProperty
range: unary-quality
comment: _c: (inverse) A unary quality is a quality that inheres in a single particular. A cup has a mass, independent of any other particular existing or non-existing. A unary quality requires only a single particular to be present.
sub property of: has-quality
domain: particular
inverse of: is-unary-quality-of

identity-n
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: particular
comment: Any pair of individuals are notionally identical iff they instantiate all and only the same concepts.
sub property of: immediate-relation
type: ObjectProperty
range: particular

identity-c
type: TransitiveProperty
range: particular
comment: Any pair of individuals are ontologically identical if they are identical to themselves. Reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.
sub property of: immediate-relation
type: ObjectProperty
domain: particular

life
type: FunctionalProperty
inverse of: life-of
range: perdurant
domain: endurant
sub property of: constant-participant-in
comment: Total constant participation applied to the mereological sum of the perdurants in which an endurant participates.
type: ObjectProperty