NIF-Cell4: contains cell types from SAO-Cell and NIF-Cell
They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu. Guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system (MSH).
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Olfactory System function.
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Visual System function.
SAO classifies Schwann cells as a type of macroglia; Cell Type Ontology includes only astrocytes and oligodendroglia
Large cholinergic interneuron in the caudate nucleus, putamen and nucleus accumbens.
Large branching neurons of the middle layer of cerebellar cortex, characterized by vast arrays of dendrites; involved in controlling complex movements (CSP).
A bulbous cell that is medially placed in one row in the organ of Corti. In contrast to the outer hair cells, the inner hair cells are fewer in number, have fewer sensory hairs, and are less differentiated.(MSH)
NG2 cells are central nervous system (CNS) glial cells defined by their expression of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, NG2, which is also known as Cspg4 or AN2
Type of radial astrocyte in the cerebellar cortex that have their cell bodies in the Purkinje cell layer and processes that extend into the molecular layer, terminating with bulbous endfeet at the pial surface. Bergmann glia express high densities of glutamate transporters that limit diffusion of the neurotransmitter glutamate during its release from synaptic terminals. Besides their role in early development of the cerebellum, Bergmann glia are also required for the pruning or addition of synapses.
Core:Definition modified from Wikipedia by MM. According to Reichenbach and Wolberg the Bergmann glia should be considered a type of radial astrocyte but some do not consider this a type of astrocyte
Pyramidal neuron from the cerebral cortex (not including hippocampus).
Mechanoreceptor cells in the organ of Corti. In mammals the outer hair cells are arranged in three rows which are further from the modiolus than the single row of inner hair cells. The motile properties of the outer hair cells may contribute actively to tuning the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the cochlea. (MSH)
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Motor System function.
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Visual System and others function.
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Vestibular System function.
Cell residing in the inner third of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Axons extend laterally, transverse to the folium, and densely innervate the somata of Purkinje neurons. Axon collaterals of the basket cell axon form the specialized terminal plexus, the "pinceau", around the Purkinje cell axon initial segment.
Oligodendrocyte found in gray matter in close association with neurons (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
It is unclear to us whether perineuronal oligodendrocytes should be considered a separate class.
deep cerebellar nucleus glutamatergic cell
We need to create an object property that allows us to assign taxonomy information to classes that are only seen in certain taxa
Glial cell type unique to primates which extend long processes throughout cortical lamina forming pallisades.
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system - the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood-brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury (MSH).
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Somatosensory System function.
Large cell located in the dorsal root ganglion with a single process that extends into the periphery and into the spinal cord. These neurons convey sensory information from the body.
Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region (MSH).
Pyramidal cell basolateral amygdalar nucleus
Definition was modified from that in Wikipedia by MM
Neurons located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system. They receive information from the axons of olfactory receptor neurons, forming synapses in neuropils called glomeruli. Axons of the mitral cells transfer information to a number of areas in the brain, including the piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala.
Mechanoreceptors located in the organ of Corti that are sensitive to auditory stimuli and in the vestibular apparatus that are sensitive to movement of the head. In each case the accessory sensory structures are arranged so that appropriate stimuli cause movement of the hair-like projections (stereocilia and kinocilia) which relay the information centrally in the nervous system (MSH).
Giant pyramidal neuron found in primate motor cortex.
A non-pyramidal neuron class found primarily in layer IV of mammalian neocortex characterized by a high density of dendritic spines (While and Rock, 1980).
A type of astrocyte with a radial orientation commonly found in spinal cord and brain of lower vertebrates and sometimes in the optic nerve of mammals. One process abuts the pial surface and the other extends through significant thicknesses of neural tissue. (Reichenbach and Wolberg)
aspiny cortical stellate cell aspiny cortical stellate neuron
One of the two photoreceptor cell types of the vertebrate retina. In rods the photopigment is in stacks of membranous disks separate from the outer cell membrane. Rods are more sensitive to light than cones, but rod mediated vision has less spatial and temporal resolution than cone vision.
Multipolar neuron found in cerebellar molecular layer.
Schwann cell that apposes or encapsulates neuronal perikarya (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Auditory System function.
somatostatin/nitric oxide synthase interneuron
Principal Cells Medial Nucleus Trapezoid Body
Properties derived from Gersdorff and Borst (2002).
Striatal cholingergic interneuron large striatal aspiny neuron
White matter oligodendrocytes that may be aligned in rows (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
We classify this differently from the cell type ontology, as a type of radial glia rather than as a type of astrocyte. We need to look at this again.
Specialized glial cell of the retina that extends from the inner limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane
Min-Lin Chang, Ching-Hsiang Wu, Ya-Fen Jiang-Shieh, Jeng-Yung Shieh, Chen-Yuan Wen (2007) Reactive changes of retinal astrocytes and Muller glial cells in kainate-induced neuroexcitotoxicity Journal of Anatomy 210 (1), 54.65. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00671.x
Type of VIP containing neuron found in the visiual cortex.
Interfascicular oligodendrocyte which can support myelin volumes of approximately 30,000 cubic microns (up to 150,000 cubic microns) and is associated with large diameter axons.
One of the two photoreceptor cell types in the vertebrate retina. In cones the photopigment is in invaginations of the cell membrane of the outer segment. Cones are less sensitive to light than rods, but they provide vision with higher spatial and temporal acuity, and the combination of signals from cones with different pigments allows color vision. (MSH)
Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body (MSH).
Principal neuron of medial trapezoid body
Small excitatory neuron located in the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex. The axon of the granule cell ascends into the molecular layer where it bifurcates and runs parallel to the long axis of the folium, contacting Purkinje cell dendrites. This portion of the granule cell axon is known as a parallel fiber.
A mechanoreceptor cell located in the acoustic maculae and the semicircular canals that mediates the sense of balance, movement, and head position. The vestibular hair cells are connected to accessory structures in such a way that movements of the head displace their stereocilia. This influences the membrane potential of the cells which relay information about movements via the vestibular part of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem.
Cardiac muscle cell comprising the ventricles
Neurons which activate muscle cells (MSH).
A transient cell present only in the developing CNS. Functions as both a precursor cell and as a scaffold to support neuronal migration (Cell Ontology).
A small, migratory, phagocytic, interstitial cell of hematopoietic origin found in the central nervous system. Microglial cells are of various forms and may have slender branched processes.
Specialized elongated ventricular ependymal cell that has processes that extend to the outer, or pial, surface of the CNS. Resemble spongioblasts seen in developing brain. Found in the adult brain in the third ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, spinal canal and floor of the fourth ventricle.
cortical basket cell cortical basket neuron
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms. Includes the plasma membrane and any external encapsulating structures such as the cell wall and cell envelope (Gene Ontology).
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Proprioception function.
Non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cells found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels. They are derived from specialized myoblasts (myoblasts, smooth muscle) (MSH).
A non-pyramidal neuron class found primarily in layer IV of mammalian neocortex characterized by relatively smooth dendrites (While and Rock, 1980).
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (myoblasts, cardiac (MSH).
A specialized glial cell in the pectin oculi of avians, located at the interface between the optic nerve head and the vitreous body. These cells produce pectin.
A protoplasmic astrocyte with extremely thin veil-like (vellous) processes.
Pyramidal cell corticomedial amygdalar nucleus
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Gustatory System function.
Auditory ganglion cell auditory ganglion neuron 8th nerve ganglion neuron
Pyramidal neuron whose cell soma resides in layer 3 of neocortex.
Astrocyte characterized by spongy appearance and many vellous processes; often found in gray matter.
Cortical stellate cell cortical stellate neuron
This needs to be extensively investigated
Motor neurons which activate the contractile regions of intrafusal muscle fibers, thus adjusting the sensitivity of the muscle spindles to stretch. Gamma motor neurons may be "static" or "dynamic" according to which aspect of responsiveness (or which fiber types) they regulate. The alpha and gamma motor neurons are often activated together (alpha gamma coactivation) which allows the spindles to contribute to the control of movement trajectories despite changes in muscle length (MSH).
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract intrinsic cell
A neurectoderm derived cell that lines the neural lumen (Cell Ontology).
An epithelial cell lining the walls of the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord that secret cerebral spinal fluid. (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
We are not sure whether ependymal cells should be considered a type of ependymoglial cell
A class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system. Oligodendroglia may be called interfascicular, perivascular, or perineuronal (not the same as satellite cells, perineuronal of ganglia) according to their location. They form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system (MSH).
A part of the region of the nervous system known to play a role in Sympathetic nervous system function.
A flattened, or elongated, stellate-shaped solitary cell with multiple cytoplasmic processes encircling the capillary endothelium and contacting a large abluminal vessel area. It may be equivalent to the vascular smooth muscle cell, although this identify has not been conclusively determined yet (Armulik et al., Circ Res 97: 512, 2005).
A cell specialized to detect and transduce light (MESH).
There is a visual pigment cell in the cell type ontology but we are not sure if this is the same cell
Located in the sub-retinal space, these cells form the sub-retinal blood-brain barrier and contain light-absorbing melanin pigment granules
There is some discussion about whether all marginal glia are astrocytes.
Astrocytes lying close to the pia mater that may form several layers of endfeet. They also extend several smooth long processes into the neuropil. They are located on the borders between neuronal and non-neuronal tissue
This cell class is not contained in the Cell Type Ontology
Cuboidal shaped epithelial cell forming one of the components of the choroid plexus (Peters, Palay and Webster, 1991).
Type of inhibitory cortical interneuron that provides inhibitory innervation of pyramidal neurons. Most commonly described in primates; may be absent in rodent (DeFelipe et al., 2001).
Astrocytes characterized by high content of intermediate filaments and few vellous processes; often found in white matter.
Large neuron found in the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex that extends its dendrites into the molecular layer where they receive contact from parallel fibers. The axon of the Golgi cell enters into a complex arrangement witht he mossy fiber terminal-granule cell dendrite in the cerebellar glomerulus.
Cell that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (epithelium) or masses (MSH).
thalamic relay cell (?) thalamocortical neuron
A type of NG2 positive cell that resemble oligodendrocyte precursors
Note that the cell type ontology does not consider Schwann Cells to be macroglia
Neuroglial cells of the peripheral nervous system which form the insulating myelin sheaths of peripheral axons (MSH).
Interfascicular oligodendrocyte which can support myelin volumes of approximately 500 cubic microns and is associated with small diameter axons
cortical chandelier cell chandelier neuron
large lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles.
Pyramidal neuron whose cell soma resides in layer 5 or whose connectivity patterns resemble layer 5 neurons.
Type of cortical interneuron characterized by a bitufted appearance, with groups of dendrites extending from the upper and lower poles of an elongate cell body, but some cells have a more multipolar configuration.
A type of nerve cell characterized by bipolar shape and endfeet that contact a basal lamina around blood vessels, and/or the pia mater or vitreous body of the eye and additionally contact the ventricular surface or sub-retinal space. (Reichenbach and Wolburg, 2nd edition, 2005)
Nucleus of the Solitary Tract principle cell
According to some, synantocytes are equivalent to NG2 cells. According to others, they are the predominant NG2 cell found in the post-natal animal, but are distinct from bipolar progenitory cells.
NG2 positive glial cell characterized by a stellate appearance and a large process arborization. They have a centrally placed cell body from which extend numerous primary processes that pass radially and bifurcate three or more times to form a process field of approximately 100 nanometers in diameter ((Butt et al., 2004; PMID: 16367797).
NG2 cell characterized by a differentiated, stellate appearance that lack expression of most differentiated glial cell-type specific markers.
Large astrocyte that forms a layer that lies beneath the ependymal layer.
Embryonic cell that develops into a neuron (CSP).
Mature contractile cells, commonly known as myocytes, that form one of three kinds of muscle. The three types of muscle cells are skeletal (muscle fibers), cardiac (myocytes, cardiac), and smooth (myocytes, smooth muscle). They are derived from embryonic (precursor) muscle cells called myoblasts (MSH).
Astrocytes that are virtually devoid of neuron contacting processes that form extensive endfoot contacts to blood vessels. They have been found in rabbit and human retina but also occur elsewhere in the brain. (Reichenbach and Wolberg)
Check to see whether these are relay cells or interneurons
A mononuclear phagocyte which differentiates from monocytes, is typically resident in a particular tissue, and capable of phagocytosing a variety of extracellular particulate material, including immune complexes, microorganisms, and dead cells (Cell Ontology).