1.5 In 1.5, some fixes added wrt to new plugins (Roles.owl, CollectionsLite.owl). In 1.4, all elements have got English labels. Added the class LinguisticAct, useful to relate Agent(s) when use information objects to express meaning with some CommunicativeFunction (from the theory by Jakobson). Moreover, the relation between formal patterns and information patterns have been enriched. Some bugs fixed.
An ontology of information objects and realizations, plugin to DOLCE-Ultralite
Codice
Code
Any piece of information expressing computational operations, objects, markup, etc.
Linguaggio iconico
A language made up of graphical elements. It can be natural, artificial, and even formal.
Iconic language
Linguaggio
A natural or artificial language, provided with an alphabet (or vocabulary) and combinatorial rules. In the case of natural languages, their components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a natural language has the status of a theory for that language, and alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars). Another distinction, between the general (systemic) rules for a language, and the local (contextual) rules for e.g. a certain context, speaker, place, etc., can be made separately. The most comprehensive classification of languages ha probably been made by Umberto Eco, based on the production modes of the 'signs' that are represented in a certain language. It uses several semiotic dimensions, and will be modeled in a forthcoming ontology.
Language
Discorso
Conventional sounds realizing explicit communication. Speech is a primary code of communication (primary means that is an original body expression, especially if first learnt).
Speech
Any theory describing the structure and/or production and understanding of a natural language or a set of natural languages, or a component of one or more natural languages.
Teoria linguistica
Linguistic theory
Realizzazione visiva
An information realization consisting of depicted images/signs of any sort (e.g. graffiti, drawings, inscriptions, pictures, sculptures, etc.), which are inscripted on a medium that lasts longer than the depicting act. It also includes any early form of inscripted iconic expression, which can be considered as original bodily expressions.
Depiction
Movimento corporeo
An information realization consisting of bodily movements.
Bodily motion
Oggetto iconico
An information object represented in an IconicLanguage
Iconic object
A LinguisticObject composed of at least one Sentence, and assumed to be realized in written form.
Testo
Text
Dipinto
wn noun: Graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; "a small painting by Picasso"; "he bought the painting as an investment"; "his pictures hang in the Louvre"
Painting
Realizzazione scritta
An information realization based on conventional symbols. It is a secondary code of communication (secondary means that it is about an original bodily expression, i.e. a primary code). Therefore, we are not considering here early forms of iconic expression, which could be considered primary.
Writing
Vocalizzazione
Voicing
An information realization consisting of uttered sounds. In natural agents, it always co-occurs with bodily movements.
Statua
wn noun: A sculpture representing a human or animal
Statue
Multimedia object
Oggetto multimediale
An information realization that realizes heterogeneous information objects. Examples include audiovisual performances, web pages, etc.
Gesto
Gesture
Schema di base di dati
Any conceptual, logical or physical schema for a database.
Database schema
A collection of categories organized according to a specified syntax, typically used to create a controlled terminology in a domain. A useful rdfs encoding of a typical thesaurus syntax is the SKOS schema.
Tesauro
Thesaurus
Formal language
A formal language, created by some human, with a fixed grammar, and usually with an explicit formal semantics (i.e. any FormalExpression that is a wff or a valid element of a FormalLanguage has an interpretation wrt to formal entities such as sets, categories, etc.).
Linguaggio formale
Lexical entries for dictionaries, lexica, etc. They are used to create reference forms of words.
Lessema
Lexeme
A part of a word as it can be realized by Writing A spoken information realization can be 'about' a grapheme (as in reading), but it does not 'realize' it. Only Phoneme(s) are realized by spoken information (Voicing). BTW, since spoken realizations are a 'primary' code of communication, the difference between direct and indirect spoken realizations (reading) should be considered relevant. A grapheme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (a dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
Grafema
Grapheme
A natural language, evolved and used in a community across time. Natural languages components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a (part of a) natural language has the status of a theory for that language, but alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars).
Linguaggio naturale
Natural language
Scultura
wn noun: A three-dimensional work of plastic art
Sculpture
Dato
Datum
From WordNet: 'an item of factual information derived from measurement or research'
Parola
A linguistic object consisting of a string (independently of its physical realization). Its topological unity can change according to its physical realization: as a written realization, its boundaries are blank spaces, as a spoken realization, sometimes is silence, sometimes not, and higher order features intervene. Grammatical notions, such as noun, verb, adjective, etc., are roles defined by a grammar, and words (or larger linguistic objects) can play those roles in a given language. E.g., the word 'share' can play both 'verb' and 'noun' roles in contemporary English, while the word 'come' can only play the 'verb' role in English, and the 'adverb' or 'conjunction' roles in Italian (but if we consider a word as only realized by phonemes, i.e. if we consider the oral realizations of 'come', there is no common word 'come' in the two languages).
Word
Testo di un contratto
Contract text
Frase
Sentence
A composition of Phrase(s), assumed to express a state of affairs (here modelled as a dul:Situation). Graphically, a period is usually considered its boundary.
Disegno
wn noun: A representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines; "drawings of abstract forms"; "he did complicated pen-and-ink drawings like medieval miniatures"
Drawing
An information realization consisting of sound waves.
Sound
Digital photo
A part of a word as it can be realized by Voicing A written information realization can be 'about' a phoneme (as in the case of transcription systems), but it does not 'realize' it: only Grapheme(s) are realized by written information (Writing). A phoneme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (any dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
Fonema
Phoneme
Oggetto linguistico
An information object represented in a NaturalLanguage
Linguistic object
Linguistic function
Any linguistic function that classifies words according to a LinguisticTheory. This class includes parts of speech, thematic roles, phrase structure components, verbal aspects, etc. e.g. Subject, Object, Instrument, Stative, etc. Each linguistic function must be defined in a LinguisticTheory; e.g. a thematic role can be defined either in a generative grammar, or in construction-based theory.
Funzione linguistica
Risorsa digitale
Any resource that can be computed, e.g. a file, a piece of (implemented) software.
Digital resource
Linguistic act
Atto linguistico
A communicative situation including linguistic objects, agents, and a set of contexts: physical (informational realizations), conceptual (social objects), and referential (entities). A linguistic act has an associated CommunicativeFunction that it satisfies.
A LinguisticObject made up of more than one Word, but distinct from a Phrase, which is a higher syntactic unit.
Polyrhematic unit
Lemma polirematico
Web page
Any information object represented in a FormalLanguage, usually having a formal interpretation by a dul:FormalEntity, and used to formally represent any Entity
Formal expression
Espressione formale
The functions, e.g. defined by Jakobson and by Buhler, which define types of linguistic acts. Jakobson's ones include referential, conative, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, poetic. Each function has typical roles and tasks that must be played during a linguistic act that achieves the function.
Communicative function
Funzione comunicativa
A part of a word that can express a meaning, which is part of the meaning of the entire word.
Morfema
Morpheme
A composition of Word(s) that can be considered a higher syntactic unit than a Word, and dul:isComponentOf a Sentence
Phrase
Proposizione
A collection of lexical items (terms, entries, ...) that are witnessed to have a linguistic relevance.
Lessico
Lexicon
Opera plastica
wn noun: The arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture
Plastic art
Termine
A word or multiword that is established in some terminology from a domain of discourse.
Term
Sistema di organizzazione della conoscenza
Knowledge Organization Systems: thesauri, terminologies, classification schemes, subject hierarchies, etc.
Knowledge organization system
Opera grafica
wn noun: The arts of drawing or painting or printmaking
Graphic art
Any data structure, including databases, schemas, lexica, knowledge organizations systems, etc.
Struttura di dati
Data structure
ha schema
A relation between social objects and schemata that organize them. For example, a Tag hasSchema a Folksonomy, a Lexeme hasSchema a Lexicon, etc.
has schema
The original information realization of some copy. Differently from reproductions, copies are not planned to have notable differences from the original. Master copies, author-signed paintings, etc. are examples of originals.
è copia di
is copy of
The relation between an InformationObject and a FormalExpression (constant, formula, term, sentence, proposition, axiom, etc.) that it is supposed to be given formal interpretation to formalize the InformationObject. Notice that FormalExpression(s) only are formal terms for InformationObject(s), not for Concept(s) or other for SocialObject(s). On their turn, information object can 'express' (see) SocialObject(s). E.g., the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' isFormalTermFor the Term 'the mariachis in Tijuana' (that expresses the Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana); the Term 'equivalence relation' (that expresses the Concept of 'two entities having the same properties') hasFormalTerm the '<=>' symbol.
ha termine formale
has formal term
ha come autore
has author
è l'originale di
is original of
ha sorgente culturale
has cultural grounding
è riprodotto da
is reproduced by
è una sorgente culturale per
is cultural grounding for
è digitalmente riprodotto da
is digitally reproduced by
riproduce
reproduces
è autore di
is author of
è schema di
is schema of
is formally represented in
The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson John. Notice that formal expressions are formally interpreted by instances of dul:FormalEntity
è rappresentato formalmente in
The relation between a FormalExpression, and a FormalEntity that it is supposed to be the reference of the symbol (FormalExpression) that the FormalEntity is a intepretation of. In other words, this is the 'formal interpretation' function, which 'assigns' a FormalExpression to a FormalEntity. E.g., the set of 'all mariachis in Tijuana' isAssignedTo the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' (that isFormalTermFor the Term e.g. 'the mariachis in Tijuana').
è assegnazione di
interpreta formalmente
formally interprets
A relation between linguistic objects and other information objects (including other linguistic objects). For example, 'dog' can lexicalize a picture of a dog, a linguistic description of a dog, or the logical class: 'Dog'.
lessicalizza
lexicalizes
è il linguaggio di rappresentazione di
is representation language of
rappresenta formalmente
formally represents
The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the Concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson 'John'. Notice that a FormalExpression isAssignmentOf (is formally interpreted by) instances of dul:FormalEntity. formallyRepresents is a particular case of 'dul:isAbout', holding only for formal expressions. Anyway, a formal expression that dul:expresses a dul:SocialObject is also possible, but treats formal expressions as any other kind of dul:InformationObject that express a 'social' or 'cognitive' semantics, not a formal one.
has grounding
è lessicalizzato da
is lexicalized by
is grounding for
riproduce digitalmente
digitally reproduces
ha linguaggio di rappresentazione
has representation language
è assegnata a
è interpretata formalmente da
is formally interpreted by
è termine formale per
is formal term for
fusoMetaforicamenteCon
metaphorically blends with
ha una fusione culturale con
has cultural mixing with