IOLite
type: Ontology
version info: 1.5 In 1.5, some fixes added wrt to new plugins (Roles.owl, CollectionsLite.owl). In 1.4, all elements have got English labels. Added the class LinguisticAct, useful to relate Agent(s) when use information objects to express meaning with some CommunicativeFunction (from the theory by Jakobson). Moreover, the relation between formal patterns and information patterns have been enriched. Some bugs fixed.
imports: DUL.owl
comment: An ontology of information objects and realizations, plugin to DOLCE-Ultralite

Code
type: Class
subclass of: InformationObject
label: Codice @it
comment: Any piece of information expressing computational operations, objects, markup, etc.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#13

has representation language
type: ObjectProperty
label: ha linguaggio di rappresentazione @it
range: Language
inverse of: is representation language of
domain: InformationObject

Language
type: Class
subclass of: Description
label: Linguaggio @it
comment: A natural or artificial language, provided with an alphabet (or vocabulary) and combinatorial rules. In the case of natural languages, their components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a natural language has the status of a theory for that language, and alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars). Another distinction, between the general (systemic) rules for a language, and the local (contextual) rules for e.g. a certain context, speaker, place, etc., can be made separately. The most comprehensive classification of languages ha probably been made by Umberto Eco, based on the production modes of the 'signs' that are represented in a certain language. It uses several semiotic dimensions, and will be modeled in a forthcoming ontology.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#14

has author
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: InformationRealization
inverse of: is author of
label: ha come autore @it

is author of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has author
domain: Agent
range: InformationRealization
label: è autore di @it

is copy of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is original of
comment: The original information realization of some copy. Differently from reproductions, copies are not planned to have notable differences from the original. Master copies, author-signed paintings, etc. are examples of originals.
range: InformationRealization
domain: InformationRealization
label: è copia di @it

is original of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is copy of
range: InformationRealization
domain: InformationRealization
label: è l'originale di @it

reproduces
type: ObjectProperty
label: riproduce @it
inverse of: is reproduced by
range: InformationRealization
domain: InformationRealization

is reproduced by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: reproduces
domain: InformationRealization
range: InformationRealization
label: è riprodotto da @it

is lexicalized by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Linguistic object
label: è lessicalizzato da @it
inverse of: lexicalizes
domain: InformationObject
sub property of: isExpressedBy

Linguistic object
type: Class
label: Oggetto linguistico @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#38
subclass of: InformationObject
comment: An information object represented in a NaturalLanguage
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#39

Digital resource
type: Class
label: Risorsa digitale @it
comment: Any resource that can be computed, e.g. a file, a piece of (implemented) software.
subclass of: InformationRealization

Iconic language
type: Class
label: Linguaggio iconico @it
comment: A language made up of graphical elements. It can be natural, artificial, and even formal.
subclass of: Language

is representation language of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has representation language
label: è il linguaggio di rappresentazione di @it
domain: Language
range: InformationObject

Speech
type: Class
label: Discorso @it
comment: Conventional sounds realizing explicit communication. Speech is a primary code of communication (primary means that is an original body expression, especially if first learnt).
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#15
subclass of: Voicing

Voicing
type: Class
label: Vocalizzazione @it
comment: An information realization consisting of uttered sounds. In natural agents, it always co-occurs with bodily movements.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#23
subclass of: Sound

Linguistic theory
type: Class
comment: Any theory describing the structure and/or production and understanding of a natural language or a set of natural languages, or a component of one or more natural languages.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#16
label: Teoria linguistica @it
subclass of: Theory

Natural language
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#31
comment: A natural language, evolved and used in a community across time. Natural languages components are 'temporary' and 'reconstructed' out of actual usage. For example, a grammar for a (part of a) natural language has the status of a theory for that language, but alternative ones can exist (e.g. generative vs. construction grammars).
label: Linguaggio naturale @it
subclass of: Language

Depiction
type: Class
label: Realizzazione visiva @it
subclass of: PhysicalArtifact
subclass of: InformationRealization
comment: An information realization consisting of depicted images/signs of any sort (e.g. graffiti, drawings, inscriptions, pictures, sculptures, etc.), which are inscripted on a medium that lasts longer than the depicting act. It also includes any early form of inscripted iconic expression, which can be considered as original bodily expressions.

Bodily motion
type: Class
label: Movimento corporeo @it
subclass of: InformationRealization
subclass of: Action
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#18
comment: An information realization consisting of bodily movements.

Iconic object
type: Class
label: Oggetto iconico @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#19
subclass of: InformationObject
comment: An information object represented in an IconicLanguage

Text
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#20
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#21
comment: A LinguisticObject composed of at least one Sentence, and assumed to be realized in written form.
label: Testo @it
subclass of: Linguistic object

Writing
type: Class
label: Realizzazione scritta @it
comment: An information realization based on conventional symbols. It is a secondary code of communication (secondary means that it is about an original bodily expression, i.e. a primary code). Therefore, we are not considering here early forms of iconic expression, which could be considered primary.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#22
subclass of: Depiction

Sentence
type: Class
label: Frase @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#35
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#36
subclass of: Linguistic object
comment: A composition of Phrase(s), assumed to express a state of affairs (here modelled as a dul:Situation). Graphically, a period is usually considered its boundary.

Painting
type: Class
label: Dipinto @it
comment: wn noun: Graphic art consisting of an artistic composition made by applying paints to a surface; "a small painting by Picasso"; "he bought the painting as an investment"; "his pictures hang in the Louvre"
subclass of: Graphic art

Graphic art
type: Class
label: Opera grafica @it
subclass of: Depiction
comment: wn noun: The arts of drawing or painting or printmaking

Sound
type: Class
comment: An information realization consisting of sound waves.
subclass of: Process

Statue
type: Class
label: Statua @it
comment: wn noun: A sculpture representing a human or animal
subclass of: Sculpture

Sculpture
type: Class
label: Scultura @it
comment: wn noun: A three-dimensional work of plastic art
subclass of: Plastic art

Multimedia object
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#24
subclass of: InformationRealization
label: Oggetto multimediale @it
comment: An information realization that realizes heterogeneous information objects. Examples include audiovisual performances, web pages, etc.

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#24
type: Restriction
min cardinality: 2
on property: realizes

Gesture
type: Class
label: Gesto @it
subclass of: Bodily motion

Database schema
type: Class
label: Schema di base di dati @it
comment: Any conceptual, logical or physical schema for a database.
subclass of: Data structure

Data structure
type: Class
comment: Any data structure, including databases, schemas, lexica, knowledge organizations systems, etc.
subclass of: InformationObject
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#73
label: Struttura di dati @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#74

Thesaurus
type: Class
subclass of: Knowledge organization system
comment: A collection of categories organized according to a specified syntax, typically used to create a controlled terminology in a domain. A useful rdfs encoding of a typical thesaurus syntax is the SKOS schema.
label: Tesauro @it

Knowledge organization system
type: Class
label: Sistema di organizzazione della conoscenza @it
disjoint with: Formal expression
comment: Knowledge Organization Systems: thesauri, terminologies, classification schemes, subject hierarchies, etc.
subclass of: Data structure

Formal language
type: Class
subclass of: Language
comment: A formal language, created by some human, with a fixed grammar, and usually with an explicit formal semantics (i.e. any FormalExpression that is a wff or a valid element of a FormalLanguage has an interpretation wrt to formal entities such as sets, categories, etc.).
label: Linguaggio formale @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#25

Formal expression
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#59
comment: Any information object represented in a FormalLanguage, usually having a formal interpretation by a dul:FormalEntity, and used to formally represent any Entity
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#60
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#61
disjoint with: Knowledge organization system
label: Espressione formale @it
subclass of: InformationObject
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#62

Lexeme
type: Class
subclass of: Term
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#26
comment: Lexical entries for dictionaries, lexica, etc. They are used to create reference forms of words.
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#29
label: Lessema @it

Term
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#69
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#70
subclass of: Linguistic object
label: Termine @it
comment: A word or multiword that is established in some terminology from a domain of discourse.

Word
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#32
label: Parola @it
subclass of: Linguistic object
comment: A linguistic object consisting of a string (independently of its physical realization). Its topological unity can change according to its physical realization: as a written realization, its boundaries are blank spaces, as a spoken realization, sometimes is silence, sometimes not, and higher order features intervene. Grammatical notions, such as noun, verb, adjective, etc., are roles defined by a grammar, and words (or larger linguistic objects) can play those roles in a given language. E.g., the word 'share' can play both 'verb' and 'noun' roles in contemporary English, while the word 'come' can only play the 'verb' role in English, and the 'adverb' or 'conjunction' roles in Italian (but if we consider a word as only realized by phonemes, i.e. if we consider the oral realizations of 'come', there is no common word 'come' in the two languages).

Polyrhematic unit
type: Class
comment: A LinguisticObject made up of more than one Word, but distinct from a Phrase, which is a higher syntactic unit.
subclass of: Linguistic object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#57
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#58
label: Lemma polirematico @it

has schema
type: ObjectProperty
label: ha schema @it
domain: SocialObject
range: Data structure
inverse of: is schema of
comment: A relation between social objects and schemata that organize them. For example, a Tag hasSchema a Folksonomy, a Lexeme hasSchema a Lexicon, etc.

Lexicon
type: Class
comment: A collection of lexical items (terms, entries,..) that are witnessed to have a linguistic relevance.
subclass of: Knowledge organization system
label: Lessico @it

Grapheme
type: Class
comment: A part of a word as it can be realized by Writing A spoken information realization can be 'about' a grapheme (as in reading), but it does not 'realize' it. Only Phoneme(s) are realized by spoken information (Voicing). BTW, since spoken realizations are a 'primary' code of communication, the difference between direct and indirect spoken realizations (reading) should be considered relevant. A grapheme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (a dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
label: Grafema @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#30
subclass of: Linguistic object

Plastic art
type: Class
label: Opera plastica @it
subclass of: Depiction
comment: wn noun: The arts of shaping or modeling; carving and sculpture

Datum
type: Class
label: Dato @it
comment: From WordNet: 'an item of factual information derived from measurement or research'
subclass of: InformationObject

Contract text
type: Class
subclass of: Text
comment: The text of a contract
label: Testo di un contratto @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#34

Phrase
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#67
comment: A composition of Word(s) that can be considered a higher syntactic unit than a Word, and dul:isComponentOf a Sentence
subclass of: Linguistic object
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#68
label: Proposizione @it

Drawing
type: Class
label: Disegno @it
comment: wn noun: A representation of forms or objects on a surface by means of lines; "drawings of abstract forms"; "he did complicated pen-and-ink drawings like medieval miniatures"
subclass of: Depiction

Digital photo
type: Class
subclass of: Digital resource

Phoneme
type: Class
comment: A part of a word as it can be realized by Voicing A written information realization can be 'about' a phoneme (as in the case of transcription systems), but it does not 'realize' it: only Grapheme(s) are realized by written information (Writing). A phoneme is not necessarily able to express a meaning (any dul:SocialObject), although it can in principle (e.g. 'a' in English).
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#37
label: Fonema @it
subclass of: Linguistic object

lexicalizes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A relation between linguistic objects and other information objects (including other linguistic objects). For example, 'dog' can lexicalize a picture of a dog, a linguistic description of a dog, or the logical class: 'Dog'.
domain: Linguistic object
label: lessicalizza @it
inverse of: is lexicalized by
range: InformationObject
sub property of: expresses

Linguistic function
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#40
comment: Any linguistic function that classifies words according to a LinguisticTheory. This class includes parts of speech, thematic roles, phrase structure components, verbal aspects, etc. e.g. Subject, Object, Instrument, Stative, etc. Each linguistic function must be defined in a LinguisticTheory; e.g. a thematic role can be defined either in a generative grammar, or in construction-based theory.
label: Funzione linguistica @it
subclass of: Role

Linguistic act
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#41
label: Atto linguistico @it
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#42
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#43
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#49
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#50
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#51
comment: A communicative situation including linguistic objects, agents, and a set of contexts: physical (informational realizations), conceptual (social objects), and referential (entities). A linguistic act has an associated CommunicativeFunction that it satisfies.
subclass of: PlanExecution

is cultural grounding for
type: ObjectProperty
label: è una sorgente culturale per @it
inverse of: has cultural grounding
domain: SocialObject
range: SocialObject

has cultural mixing with
type: SymmetricProperty
label: ha una fusione culturale con @it
domain: SocialObject
range: SocialObject
type: ObjectProperty

metaphorically blends with
type: SymmetricProperty
label: fusoMetaforicamenteCon @it
range: SocialObject
domain: SocialObject
type: ObjectProperty

has cultural grounding
type: ObjectProperty
label: ha sorgente culturale @it
inverse of: is cultural grounding for
domain: SocialObject
range: SocialObject

Communicative function
type: Class
comment: The functions, e.g. defined by Jakobson and by Buhler, which define types of linguistic acts. Jakobson's ones include referential, conative, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, poetic. Each function has typical roles and tasks that must be played during a linguistic act that achieves the function.
label: Funzione comunicativa @it
subclass of: Plan

is formally represented in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: formally represents
comment: The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson John. Notice that formal expressions are formally interpreted by instances of dul:FormalEntity
label: è rappresentato formalmente in @it
sub property of: isReferenceOf
range: Formal expression
domain: Entity

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#56
type: Restriction
on property: isReferenceOf
min cardinality: 1

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#57
type: Restriction
min cardinality: 2
on property: hasComponent

Web page
type: Class
subclass of: Digital resource
subclass of: Multimedia object

is formal term for
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Formal expression
range: InformationObject
label: è termine formale per @it
inverse of: has formal term
comment: The relation between an InformationObject and a FormalExpression (constant, formula, term, sentence, proposition, axiom, etc.) that it is supposed to be given formal interpretation to formalize the InformationObject. Notice that FormalExpression(s) only are formal terms for InformationObject(s), not for Concept(s) or other for SocialObject(s). On their turn, information object can 'express' (see) SocialObject(s). E.g., the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' isFormalTermFor the Term 'the mariachis in Tijuana' (that expresses the Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana); the Term 'equivalence relation' (that expresses the Concept of 'two entities having the same properties') hasFormalTerm the '<=>' symbol.

formally represents
type: ObjectProperty
label: rappresenta formalmente @it
domain: Formal expression
range: Entity
inverse of: is formally represented in
sub property of: isAbout
comment: The relation between formal expressions, and anything that they are supposed to represent. E.g., 'the predicate 'MariachiInTijuana' formallyRepresents the dul:Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana'; 'the equivalence relation '<=>' formallyRepresents the Concept of two entities having the same properties', 'the constant 'John' formallyRepresents the dul:NaturalPerson 'John'. Notice that a FormalExpression isAssignmentOf (is formally interpreted by) instances of dul:FormalEntity. formallyRepresents is a particular case of 'dul:isAbout', holding only for formal expressions. Anyway, a formal expression that dul:expresses a dul:SocialObject is also possible, but treats formal expressions as any other kind of dul:InformationObject that express a 'social' or 'cognitive' semantics, not a formal one.

formally interprets
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is formally interpreted by
comment: The relation between a FormalExpression, and a FormalEntity that it is supposed to be the reference of the symbol (FormalExpression) that the FormalEntity is a intepretation of. In other words, this is the 'formal interpretation' function, which 'assigns' a FormalExpression to a FormalEntity. E.g., the set of 'all mariachis in Tijuana' isAssignedTo the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' (that isFormalTermFor the Term e.g. 'the mariachis in Tijuana').
label: è assegnazione di @it
label: interpreta formalmente @it
domain: Formal expression
range: FormalEntity
type: FunctionalProperty

is formally interpreted by
type: ObjectProperty
label: è assegnata a @it
domain: FormalEntity
label: è interpretata formalmente da @it
inverse of: formally interprets
comment: The relation between a FormalExpression, and a FormalEntity that it is supposed to be the reference of the symbol (FormalExpression) that the FormalEntity is a intepretation of. In other words, this is the 'formal interpretation' function, which 'assigns' a FormalExpression to a FormalEntity. E.g., the set of 'all mariachis in Tijuana' isAssignedTo the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' (that isFormalTermFor the Term e.g. 'the mariachis in Tijuana').
range: Formal expression
type: InverseFunctionalProperty

Morpheme
type: Class
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#64
subclass of: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#65
comment: A part of a word that can express a meaning, which is part of the meaning of the entire word.
subclass of: Linguistic object
label: Morfema @it

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/045666090df328daa3b90cb296bfbab1#66
type: Restriction
cardinality: 1
on property: isComponentOf

is schema of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Data structure
range: SocialObject
inverse of: has schema
comment: A relation between social objects and schemata that organize them. For example, a Tag hasSchema a Folksonomy, a Lexeme hasSchema a Lexicon, etc.
label: è schema di @it

has formal term
type: ObjectProperty
domain: InformationObject
range: Formal expression
comment: The relation between an InformationObject and a FormalExpression (constant, formula, term, sentence, proposition, axiom, etc.) that it is supposed to be given formal interpretation to formalize the InformationObject. Notice that FormalExpression(s) only are formal terms for InformationObject(s), not for Concept(s) or other for SocialObject(s). On their turn, information object can 'express' (see) SocialObject(s). E.g., the predicate (FormalExpression) 'TijuanaMariachi' isFormalTermFor the Term 'the mariachis in Tijuana' (that expresses the Collection of all mariachis in Tijuana); the Term 'equivalence relation' (that expresses the Concept of 'two entities having the same properties') hasFormalTerm the '<=>' symbol.
label: ha termine formale @it
inverse of: is formal term for

is digitally reproduced by
type: ObjectProperty
label: è digitalmente riprodotto da @it
sub property of: is reproduced by
domain: Depiction
range: Digital resource
inverse of: digitally reproduces

digitally reproduces
type: ObjectProperty
label: riproduce digitalmente @it
sub property of: reproduces
range: Depiction
domain: Digital resource
inverse of: is digitally reproduced by

has grounding
type: ObjectProperty
domain: FormalEntity
range: Entity
inverse of: is grounding for

is grounding for
type: ObjectProperty
range: FormalEntity
domain: Entity
inverse of: has grounding