corrects
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.

citation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is defined in schema.org and has been added for aligning it with CiTO. In particular, schema:citation expresses similar semantics of cito:cites except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are schema:CreativeWork according to schema.org - that's why here has been defined as subclass of cito:cites.
sub property of: cites

disputes
description: Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

supports
description: Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

is qualified by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.
inverse of: qualifies
sub property of: is cited by

is refuted by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: refutes
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.

speculates on
description: Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
sub property of: cites

cites as data source
description: Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
type: ObjectProperty

cites as potential solution
sub property of: cites
description: Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed.

cites as recommended reading
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners.

is supported by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.
inverse of: supports
sub property of: is cited by

describes
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity describes the cited entity.
inverse of: is described by
description: Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.

is confirmed by
comment: The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: confirms

is disputed by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: disputes

is extended by
comment: The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.
inverse of: extends
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/c60ad03589cdf703d8c0bb969239bbfb#1
type: Restriction
cardinality: 1
on property: has citation characterization

cites as authority
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
type: ObjectProperty

is documented by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: documents
comment: Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by

is speculated on by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: speculates on
comment: The cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas.
type: ObjectProperty

gives support to
comment: The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.
inverse of: obtains support from
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty

cites as source document
description: Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
sub property of: cites

uses conclusions from
sub property of: cites
inverse of: provides conclusions for
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move.

cites as metadata document
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.

retracts
description: Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement.
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.

cites as evidence
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.

contains assertion from
description: Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
sub property of: cites

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/c60ad03589cdf703d8c0bb969239bbfb#6
type: Restriction
cardinality: 1
on property: has cited entity

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology
contributor: Paolo Ciccarese
imports: situation.owl
version info: 2.6.4
rights: This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
creator: Silvio Peroni
comment: CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology for the characterization of citations, both factually and rhetorically. It forms part of SPAR, a suite of Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. Other SPAR ontologies are described at http://purl.org/spar/.
creator: David Shotton
prior version: http://imageweb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/pub/2009/citobase/cito-20100528-1.6/cito-content/cito.owl
prior version: 2014-05-22-cito-2 6 3.owl
date: 2015-07-03
contributor: Tim Clark
type: Ontology
comment: This ontology is available at http://purl.org/spar/cito/, and uses the namespace prefix cito.
description: CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web. The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). CiTO contains the object property cito:cites and its sub-properties, and its inverse property cito:isCitedBy, from the original Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO v1.6. Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of cito:cites were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of cito:cites were created, all of which are sub-properties of cito:isCitedBy. The ontology has also been integrated with the SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology by making cito:cites a sub-property of http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo. Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO were removed from the object properties when creating CiTO v 2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations. So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology; C4O, the Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology; and PSO, the Publication Status Ontology. The addition of two new properties:cito:usesConclusionsFrom and its inverse cito:providesConclusionsFor on 09Dec2011 led to a version number increment from v2.0 to v2.1. The addition of two additional properties, cito:compiles and cito:isCompiledBy, previously in the deprecated CiTO4Data ontology, on 03 July 2012 led to a version increment from v2…

agrees with
description: Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

is cited as authority by
inverse of: cites as authority
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

is corrected by
inverse of: corrects
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty

is cited as data source by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: cites as data source
comment: The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.

derides
description: Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it.
sub property of: cites

is cited as potential solution by
comment: The cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: cites as potential solution
sub property of: is cited by

includes quotation from
description: A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented "within quotation marks", for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: " we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender"
comment: The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.
description: Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: "We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants".
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty

gives background to
inverse of: obtains background from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.

is reviewed by
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: reviews

is cited as source document by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
inverse of: cites as source document

provides assertion for
inverse of: contains assertion from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.

qualifies
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet.
sub property of: cites

has citing entity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citation act relates to the entity containing that citation.
sub property of: isSettingFor

ridicules
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
description: Example: Galileo said that the Earth "moves" [X]; really? And where is it going?

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/c60ad03589cdf703d8c0bb969239bbfb#7
type: Restriction
cardinality: 1
on property: has citing entity

obtains background from
description: Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs.
comment: The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

is retracted by
comment: The cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: retracts

cites for information
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
description: Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].
sub property of: cites

provides data for
inverse of: uses data from
comment: The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

has reply
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity.

shares funding agency with
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency.
type: ObjectProperty

is cited for information by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: cites for information
comment: The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is cited by
sub property of: refersTo

includes excerpt from
inverse of: provides excerpt for
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.
description: Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X].
sub property of: cites
description: An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory.

is cited as metadata document by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.
inverse of: cites as metadata document
sub property of: is cited by

refutes
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X].

compiles
comment: The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.
description: Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X].
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
description: Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.

provides excerpt for
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.

documents
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].
comment: The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

plagiarizes
description: Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
sub property of: cites

is cited as recommended reading
comment: The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: cites as recommended reading

obtains support from
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
description: Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X].

provides method for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.
inverse of: uses method in

is cited as evidence by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.
inverse of: cites as evidence
sub property of: is cited by

is disagreed with by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: disagrees with
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.

updates
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast.
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.

is parodied by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
inverse of: parodies

is plagiarized by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.
inverse of: plagiarizes

replies to
comment: The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has reply
description: Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative.
sub property of: cites

uses method in
description: Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing.
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.

discusses
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

parodies
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
description: Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!

is credited by
inverse of: credits
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.

is discussed by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: discusses

is critiqued by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: critiques
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty

confirms
description: Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X].
comment: The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

cites as related
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.

is derided by
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision.
inverse of: derides
type: ObjectProperty

is described by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is described by the citing entity.

provides conclusions for
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.

critiques
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.
comment: The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

is updated by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: updates
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.

credits
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
description: Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].
sub property of: cites

is compiled by
description: Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
comment: The cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: compiles
type: ObjectProperty

is ridiculed by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.
inverse of: ridicules

extends
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.
type: ObjectProperty

shares author institution with
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity.
type: ObjectProperty

is cited as related by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.
inverse of: cites as related
sub property of: is cited by

citation act
type: Class
comment: A citation act is a performative act of making a citation from a citing entity to a cited entity, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference or a data reference in the reference list of the citing entity. This CiTO class and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity can be employed to reify direct citation act statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement: :paperA cito:extends :paperB can be alternatively described as follows: :thisCitation a cito:CitationAct ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/c60ad03589cdf703d8c0bb969239bbfb#2

uses data from
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content.
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

reviews
description: Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

is agreed with by
inverse of: agrees with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.
sub property of: is cited by

is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity (the subject of the RDF triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple).

has citation characterization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A property that links a cito:CitationAct to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends. This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion: :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing.
sub property of: isSettingFor

provides quotation for
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: includes quotation from
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.

has cited entity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A property that relates a citation act to the entity that is the target of that citation.
sub property of: isSettingFor

disagrees with
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.

likes
comment: A property that permits you to express appreciation of or interest in something that is the object of the RDF triple, or to express that it is worth thinking about even if you do not agree with its content, enabling social media 'likes' statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is 'liked'.
type: ObjectProperty

shares authors with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity.
type: SymmetricProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty