is cited as related by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: cites as related
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.

uses conclusions from
inverse of: provides conclusions for
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move.
type: ObjectProperty

is cited as data source by
inverse of: cites as data source
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.

extends
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.
comment: The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.

cites as related
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].

derides
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it.
description: Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.

obtains support from
comment: The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X].

cites as metadata document
description: Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.
sub property of: cites

has citation characterization
sub property of: isSettingFor
comment: A property that links a cito:CitationAct to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends. This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion: :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing.
type: ObjectProperty

is qualified by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: qualifies
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.

critiques
description: Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

gives support to
comment: The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: obtains support from

is corrected by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: corrects
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty

supports
description: Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves.
comment: The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty

credits
comment: The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].
type: ObjectProperty

cites as recommended reading
description: Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners.
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

uses data from
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

is discussed by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.
inverse of: discusses
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

includes excerpt from
comment: The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.
sub property of: cites
description: Example: In her work, the author states that even though most Human Information Behaviour researchers are familiar with the literature related to their studies, it is not uncommon for investigators to fail to see the benefits they may gain from previous mistakes [X].
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: provides excerpt for
description: An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example: Oxford 01865 Oxshott 01372 Oxted 01883 Oxton 01578 is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory.

is ridiculed by
inverse of: ridicules
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.

parodies
description: Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.

gives background to
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: obtains background from

is compiled by
description: Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: compiles

is supported by
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: supports

cites as potential solution
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed.

reviews
comment: The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web.

cites
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is cited by
sub property of: refersTo
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).

is retracted by
comment: The cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: retracts

ridicules
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Galileo said that the Earth "moves" [X]; really? And where is it going?

has citing entity
sub property of: isSettingFor
comment: The citation act relates to the entity containing that citation.
type: ObjectProperty

includes quotation from
description: A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented "within quotation marks", for example: On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: " we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender"
description: Example: As Newton wrote in [X]: "We are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants".
comment: The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/010554247447337669685a3ec311d6ea#2
type: Restriction
on property: has citation characterization
cardinality: 1

is reviewed by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: reviews
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.

discusses
comment: The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

cites for information
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].

documents
description: Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

is cited as potential solution by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: cites as potential solution
comment: The cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity.

shares author institution with
comment: Each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity.
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty

cites as data source
description: Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
sub property of: cites

plagiarizes
comment: A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
description: Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

compiles
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
description: Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
description: Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X].
comment: The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.

is disagreed with by
inverse of: disagrees with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by

describes
description: Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.
comment: The citing entity describes the cited entity.
sub property of: cites
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is described by

confirms
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X].
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.

has cited entity
sub property of: isSettingFor
comment: A property that relates a citation act to the entity that is the target of that citation.
type: ObjectProperty

is parodied by
comment: The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
inverse of: parodies
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty

disagrees with
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.
sub property of: cites

cites as source document
description: Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
sub property of: cites

is documented by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.
inverse of: documents
sub property of: is cited by

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology
prior version: http://imageweb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/pub/2009/citobase/cito-20100528-1.6/cito-content/cito.owl
rights: This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
contributor: Paolo Ciccarese
creator: David Shotton
version info: 2.6.4
imports: situation.owl
comment: This ontology is available at http://purl.org/spar/cito/, and uses the namespace prefix cito.
date: 2015-07-03
type: Ontology
creator: Silvio Peroni
description: CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web. The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism). CiTO contains the object property cito:cites and its sub-properties, and its inverse property cito:isCitedBy, from the original Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO v1.6. Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of cito:cites were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of cito:cites were created, all of which are sub-properties of cito:isCitedBy. The ontology has also been integrated with the SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology by making cito:cites a sub-property of http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo. Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO were removed from the object properties when creating CiTO v 2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations. So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology; C4O, the Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology; and PSO, the Publication Status Ontology. The addition of two new properties:cito:usesConclusionsFrom and its inverse cito:providesConclusionsFor on 09Dec2011 led to a version number increment from v2.0 to v2.1. The addition of two additional properties, cito:compiles and cito:isCompiledBy, previously in the deprecated CiTO4Data ontology, on 03 July 2012 led to a version increment from v2…
contributor: Tim Clark
prior version: 2014-05-22-cito-2 6 3.owl
comment: CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology for the characterization of citations, both factually and rhetorically. It forms part of SPAR, a suite of Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. Other SPAR ontologies are described at http://purl.org/spar/.

is cited as recommended reading
comment: The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
inverse of: cites as recommended reading
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

is speculated on by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas.
inverse of: speculates on

is agreed with by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.
inverse of: agrees with
sub property of: is cited by

is cited as metadata document by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.
inverse of: cites as metadata document
sub property of: is cited by

replies to
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
description: Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative.
inverse of: has reply

provides assertion for
inverse of: contains assertion from
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.
sub property of: is cited by

citation act
equivalent class: http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/010554247447337669685a3ec311d6ea#4
comment: A citation act is a performative act of making a citation from a citing entity to a cited entity, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference or a data reference in the reference list of the citing entity. This CiTO class and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity can be employed to reify direct citation act statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement: :paperA cito:extends :paperB can be alternatively described as follows: :thisCitation a cito:CitationAct ; cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ; cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ; cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion :thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing. Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
type: Class

qualifies
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

provides method for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.
inverse of: uses method in

corrects
description: Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

provides quotation for
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.
inverse of: includes quotation from
type: ObjectProperty

disputes
description: Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
comment: The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

shares authors with
sub property of: topObjectProperty
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: Each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity.

is confirmed by
inverse of: confirms
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.

is disputed by
inverse of: disputes
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty

is derided by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: derides
comment: The cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision.
type: ObjectProperty

provides conclusions for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.

is extended by
comment: The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.
inverse of: extends
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

cites as evidence
description: Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.

has reply
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by

uses method in
description: Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing.
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty

obtains background from
description: Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs.
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

contains assertion from
description: Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research.
comment: The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites

speculates on
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
description: Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth.

is cited as evidence by
comment: The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: cites as evidence

refutes
sub property of: cites
description: Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X].
comment: The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty

is critiqued by
inverse of: critiques
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.

is plagiarized by
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: plagiarizes
comment: The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.

updates
sub property of: cites
description: Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast.
comment: The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty

citation
type: ObjectProperty
comment: This property is defined in schema.org and has been added for aligning it with CiTO. In particular, schema:citation expresses similar semantics of cito:cites except for the explicit definition of domain and range classes, that are schema:CreativeWork according to schema.org - that's why here has been defined as subclass of cito:cites.
sub property of: cites

is described by
comment: The cited entity is described by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

is cited as source document by
sub property of: is cited by
inverse of: cites as source document
comment: The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
type: ObjectProperty

is cited for information by
inverse of: cites for information
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty

is refuted by
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: refutes
sub property of: is cited by

retracts
description: Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement.
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.
type: ObjectProperty

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/010554247447337669685a3ec311d6ea#6
on property: has citing entity
cardinality: 1
type: Restriction

agrees with
type: ObjectProperty
description: Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].
comment: The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
sub property of: cites

is cited by
comment: The cited entity (the subject of the RDF triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple).
type: ObjectProperty

cites as authority
description: Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].
sub property of: cites
comment: The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
type: ObjectProperty

is updated by
sub property of: is cited by
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: updates
comment: The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.

shares funding agency with
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency.

provides excerpt for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.

is credited by
sub property of: is cited by
comment: The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.
inverse of: credits
type: ObjectProperty

http://lodlaundromat.org/.well-known/genid/samples/pellet///predicate//d015487fc59044ca316d6c6344e7afa6/010554247447337669685a3ec311d6ea#7
on property: has cited entity
cardinality: 1
type: Restriction

is cited as authority by
comment: The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
inverse of: cites as authority
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is cited by

provides data for
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: uses data from
comment: The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.
sub property of: is cited by

likes
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A property that permits you to express appreciation of or interest in something that is the object of the RDF triple, or to express that it is worth thinking about even if you do not agree with its content, enabling social media 'likes' statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is 'liked'.