Proton Ontology
type: Ontology
version info: 3.0
rights: Proton ontology is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license; see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/. In a nutshell, you are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix/adapt the work (e.g. to import the ontology and create specializations of its elements), as long as you attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Proper Attribution: Simply include the statement This work is based on Proton ontology, developed by Ontotext and link back to http://www.ontotext.com/proton-ontology
creator: Ontotext (Kiril Simov, Atanas Kiryakov, Ivan Terziev, Dimitar Manov, Mariana Damova, Svetoslav Petrov)
subject: Upper-level ontology with extensions to handle Linked Open Data (LOD)
title: Proton
comment: PROTON (Proto Ontology), Top module

Product Model
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: The general concept of a product model, for example, Ford T. The instances of this class are not specific instances of the product - the latter are just instances. Although product models are rather abstract entities (generally, intangible), this class is defined as a sub-class of Object, because it has a strong temporal extent (it comes to exsitence at some point of time). There could be several information resources associated with a product model (e.g. specifications, brouchures, etc.), but it is not an information resource on its own.

Object
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
comment: Objects are entities that could be claimed to exist - in some sense of existence. An object can play a certain role in some happenings. Objects could be substantially real - as the Buckingham Palace or a hardcopy book - or substantially imperceptible - for instance, an electronic document that exists only virtually, one cannot touch it.

Location
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: Usually a geographic location on the earth, however any sort of 3D regions also fit here. The classification is based on the ADL Feature Type Thesaurus version 070203. Additionally, classes from Geonames classification are included. For each specific type, the corresponding NIMA GNS designators (DSG) are given.

Group
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: A group of agents that is not organized in any way. It could be the group of people in a bus or the shareholders of a company.

Agent
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: An Agent is something, which can show (carry out) an independent action, whether consciously or not. Most animals are considered agents, in most contexts; so are most organizations. According to DOLCE 2.0 "objects to which we ascribe intentions, beliefs and desires". In PROTON, Agent also denotes any automatic device and service, including web services and servers.

Event
type: Class
subclass of: Happening
comment: A dynamic event, such as "running" or "a concert".

Happening
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
comment: Something that happens. It can be either dynamic - like in "drawing a circle", or static - like in "being a president". In all cases, a happening (an event, a situation, or a time period) has a certain (usually quite concrete) temporal positioning - in the simplest case it is the one, denoted by start and end point in time.

Person
type: Class
subclass of: Agent
comment: A Person is an agent, which is an individual who is a human being (i.e. any living or not alive member of the family Hominidae). Wordnet 2.0.

Entity
type: Class
comment: Any sort of an entity of interest, usually something existing, happening, or purely abstract. Entities may have several - more than one - names or aliases.

Document
type: Class
subclass of: Information Resource
comment: The information content of any sort of document. The tangible aspects are ignored. It is usually a document in free text with no formal structure or semantics.

Information Resource
type: Class
subclass of: Statement
comment: InformationResource denotes an information resource with identity, as defined in Dublin Core (DC2003ISO). InformationResource is considered any communication or message that is delivered or produced, taking into account the specific intention of its originator, and also the supposition (and anticipation) for a particular audience or counter-agent in the process of communication (i.e. passive or active feed-back).

Statement
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: A message that is stated or declared; a communication (oral or written), setting forth particulars or facts, etc; "according to his statement he was in London on that day". WordNet 1.7.1

General Term
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: General concept with well defined (idiomatic) meaning which can have a set of distinct lexical items (surface realizations) associated with it. Examples are: F2F, I18N, P2P, B2B, VIP, ASAP, Semantic Web

Abstract
type: Class
subclass of: Entity
comment: Something, which neither happens nor exists, e.g. a number or a chemical compound formula. Those are usually some symbols, invented to refer to general notions.

Social Position
type: Class
subclass of: Situation
comment: The situation of a person, having a social position like celebrity, nobelty, job position, cleric, out of laws. The sub-classes of this class define different social statuses.

Situation
type: Class
subclass of: Happening
comment: A static event or situation, like "sitting on a chair" or "holding position". Typically, those are temporarily homogenous, i.e. their nature is not expected/required to change with their duration. As a happening, they used to happen/take place/be true for some periods of time and may or may not have a well-defined space extension.

Contact Information
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Any instance of a particular notation, used to make the contact with an individual, an organization, or any other object possible.

Role
type: Class
subclass of: Situation
comment: The role of an entity (usually an agent) within/during/affecting (intentionally or not) a particular happening. For instance a project coordinator, or a trial defendant, or even a material object that serves as an evidence in a trial (e.g. a weapon). Usually, we say 'this object is in this role in this happening'.

Number
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Any given number, within the meaning that a number is one of the following: a concept of quantity derived from zero and units; or a numeral (or a string of numerals) used for identification ("she refused to give them her Social Security number"); or a phone number, etc.

Time Interval
type: Class
subclass of: Happening
comment: This is a general time expression, which refers to a particular period of time, an interval. Repeating periods (like Spring or Christmas) are not time intervals, while specific instances of them (like the Spring of 1944) are. A TimeInterval could collapse, in very special cases, to a time point, however in this case, in contrast to the Abstract time point (referring to some time during the day), it should be bound to a specific date, i.e. to represent a timestamp.

Service
type: Class
subclass of: Object
comment: Any sort of service, ranging from a scheduled flight or train services to a weather forecast information/web serivce. Many services could be considered agents (usually software services).

Language
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: A spoken or written natural language

Organization
type: Class
subclass of: Group
comment: Organization is a group, which is established in such a way that certain known relationships and obligations exist between the members, and/or between the organization and its members, and/or between the organization and the public (individuals or groups). It includes both informal and legally constituted organizations. Organizations can act as agents - to undertake projects, to enter into agreements, to own properties, etc. Most organizations have names. Almost all of them have at least two members.

Topic
type: Class
subclass of: Abstract
comment: Any sort of a topic or theme, explicitly defined for classification purposes. As long as any other class or entity can play the role of a topic, the instances of this class are only those concepts that are defined to serve as topics. The topic class is the natural top-class for linkage of logically informal taxonomies.

Job Position
type: Class
subclass of: Social Position
comment: The situation of a person, holding a job (employment) position within an organization. The sub-classes of this class define a number of different types of positions.

has Relative
type: ObjectProperty
range: Person
domain: Person
comment: Relation between a person and his/her relatives - mother, father, brother, sister, child, etc.
type: SymmetricProperty

Part of
type: ObjectProperty
range: Entity
domain: Entity
comment: The general part-of relation which takes place between a whole and each of its parts. It has a number of specializations.
type: TransitiveProperty

has Parent
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has Child
sub property of: has Relative
comment: Relation between a person and his/her mother or father.

has Child
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Relative
comment: The relation of a parent to his/her child.

in Language
type: ObjectProperty
range: Language
domain: Information Resource
comment: The language of the intellectual content of a resource. Recommended best practice is to use RFC 3066 [RFC3066], which, in conjunction with ISO 639 [ISO639], defines two- and three-letter primary language tags with optional subtags. Examples include “en” or “eng” for English, “akk” for Akkadian, and “en-GB” for English used in the United Kingdom. DC2003ISO

Entity Participating in a Happening
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Entity Involved in
range: Entity
domain: Happening
comment: The relation between a happening and an entity determining it. Such entities can be agents, instruments, materials, places, etc.

Entity Involved in
type: ObjectProperty
range: Happening
domain: Entity
comment: The entities related to a given happening. Such entities can be agents, instruments, materials, places, etc.

Registered in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Located in
domain: Organization
comment: A relation between an organization and the location in which it is registered.

Located in
type: ObjectProperty
range: Location
domain: Entity
comment: The relation between an object (also some happenings via their participants) and location where the object is.
type: TransitiveProperty

Involved in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Entity Involved in
range: Happening
domain: Entity
domain: Agent
comment: The participating entities in a given happening that are agents. Participation is usually via some role.

Role in
type: ObjectProperty
range: Happening
domain: Role
comment: Relates a role to a happening, conditioned and affected by the role. Usually, the participants of a happening 'play' one or more roles in it.

has Position
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Holder
range: Job Position
domain: Person
comment: Relation between a person and his/her job position.

Holder
type: ObjectProperty
range: Person
domain: Job Position
comment: The person holding the position

Partially Owns
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Partially Controls
comment: Indicates that an Agent has some ownership over an object. It allows wide interpretations from "I have a bike" to "John has shares in Fujitsu".

Partially Controls
type: ObjectProperty
range: Object
domain: Agent
comment: Any sort of partial control an agent has with respect to an object.

has Employee
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Member
range: Person
comment: Relates a particular organization to its employees.

has Member
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Group
comment: Relates a particular organization to the agents that are its members. This predicate indicates `generic' membership, although there may be specialized kinds of membership in the same organization. Typically, membership eligibility is determined by the organization and accepted with the agent's voluntary affiliation. In many cases Persons that take Positions within Organization are considered members of the organization, although this is no way formally encoded here.

has Sibling
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Relative
comment: Relation between a person and his/her siblings - brother or sister.

has Contributor
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Information Resource
comment: An agent responsible for making contributions to the content of a resource. Examples of Contributor include a person, an organization, or a service. DC2003ISO

has Leader
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Member
range: Person
comment: A general relation between an organization and a person who rules or guides or inspires it in some sense. It may or may not be an employee, may or may not be formal etc. Typically there is a single leader of an organization.

is Owned by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Object
comment: The relation between an object and an agent that is the owner of that object.

Subtopic of
type: ObjectProperty
range: Topic
domain: Topic
comment: A relation from less general to more general topic. Defined to be transitive via rule.
type: TransitiveProperty

has Contact Info
type: ObjectProperty
range: Contact Information
domain: Object
comment: The information by which a given object can be contacted. Usually an address, telefon number, e-mail address, etc.

Stated by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Statement
comment: Relates a statement to the agent who made it. In the case of an offer, the agent is the offerer; in case of a contract, those are the parties. In case of written statements, the creator/author and the "stater" could be different agents, due to the fact that one agent my have prepared and/or published a statement on behalf of another.

Operated by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Service
comment: A relation between a service and the agent (usually organisation), who provides it

Produced by
type: ObjectProperty
range: Agent
domain: Product Model
comment: A relation between a company and its ProductModel

within Organization
type: ObjectProperty
range: Organization
domain: Job Position
comment: Determines in which organization is the position

has Subject
type: ObjectProperty
Transitive over: Subtopic of
range: Topic
domain: Information Resource
comment: The topic of content of a given resource. Comment: Typically, the Subject will be expressed as keywords, key phrases, or classification codes that describe the topic of resource. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme. (DC2003ISO, Subject)

Derived from Source
type: ObjectProperty
range: Information Resource
domain: Information Resource
comment: A reference to a resource from which the present resource is derived. The present resource may be derived from the Source resource in whole or in part. Recommended best practice is to identify the referenced resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. DC2003ISO

Participant in a Happening
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Involved in
sub property of: Entity Participating in a Happening
range: Agent
domain: Happening
comment: The relation between a happenning and the agent involved in it. Fequently, the participants play some roles in the happening, then the appriate roles have to be introduced.

Controls
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Partially Controls
comment: Indicates that an Agent has full control over an object. This is typically the case of wholly-owned subsidiaries and physicall possession of goods.

Subregion of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Located in
sub property of: Part of
domain: Location
comment: Relation between two locations where the first is contained within the other.
type: TransitiveProperty

has Spouse
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Relative
comment: Relation between a man and a woman that are married. This property is time constrained by the marriage happening for the two persons. Thus, one could have different spouses in different periods. If this time relation is important for a given domain, it needs to be modelled by the marriage happening.
type: SymmetricProperty

is Boss of
type: ObjectProperty
range: Person
domain: Person
comment: Relates a Person to another one, where the first is the immediate boss or supervisor of the latter. This is a many-to-many relationship, i.e. there can be more than one boss of a person, even contemporally.

Established in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Located in
domain: Organization
comment: The place where the organization is established or registered

Parent Organization of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Subsidiary Organization of
sub property of: Partially Controls
range: Organization
domain: Organization
comment: A relation between two organizations, where one of them is dependent on the other in some sense. This is a transitive relation, i.e. if organization X is a parent organization of Y and the latter is a parent organization of Z, then X is also considered a parent organization of Z. Inverse of subsidiaryOrganizationOf.
type: TransitiveProperty

Subsidiary Organization of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Part of
range: Organization
domain: Organization
comment: Indicates that an organization is in some sense part of another organization. This necessarily requires structural and organizational relations and may or may not indicate ownership. Its reverse, parentOrganizationOf, is a special case of partial control.

Social Position Holder
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has Social Position
range: Person
domain: Social Position
comment: The relation between a social position and the person who has it.

has Social Position
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: Social Position Holder
range: Social Position
domain: Person
comment: The relation between a person and the social position he has.

Role Holder
type: ObjectProperty
range: Entity
domain: Role
comment: The relation between a role and the entity that 'plays' a role in a given happening.

Owns
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: Partially Owns
comment: An agent fully owns an Object. In many cases this means also full control, unless the agent has transferred the control to another agent.

Document Author
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Creator
range: Agent
comment: The creator (or one of the creators) of a document.

has Creator
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has Contributor
comment: An agent primarily responsible for making the content of a resource. Examples of Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of the Creator should be used to indicate the agent. (DC2003ISO, Creator)

NIMA GNS Designator
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Location
comment: The designator of the entity according to the NIMA GeoNames Server.

Doing Business as
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
domain: Organization
comment: A name used for marketing purposes. Usually, it does not correspond to the legal name of the organisation.

Name of any kind
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal
domain: Entity

Laconic Description
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Description
comment: An extremely short (typically, single sentence) description of an entity

Description
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Entity
comment: A textual description of an entity. Usually a free text in some natural language. As defined in DC2003ISO for InformationResources. In a sense, it is a specializatoin of rdf:comment

has Old Name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
comment: Relates an entity to its old name or alias that is no longer considered legitimate. For instance, Pekin is one of the old spellings of the name of the Chineese capital Beijing. The same happens to companies when they change their names and to womam when she gets married.

Population Count
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Location
comment: The number of citizens of a location.

Establishment Date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Organization
comment: The date when the organization was established or registered

NIMA GNS Unique Feature Identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Location
comment: The Unique Feature Identifier from the NIMA GNS. A number which uniquely identifies the location.

Document Abstract
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Description
domain: Document
comment: An abstract or summary of a document.

Start Time
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Happening
comment: the starting moment of a happening

Valid until
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Statement
comment: The time when a statement is made invalid. The happening of making the statement invalid is not explicitly represented in Proton. If it is necessary for the task the ontology should be extented.

Information Resource Coverage
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: The extent or scope of resource content. Typically, Coverage will include spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range), or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity). Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and to use, where appropriate, named places or time periods in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges. DC2003ISO

Information Resource Rights
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: Information about rights held in and over the resource. Typically, Rights will contain a rights management statement for the resource, or reference to a service providing such information. Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Copyright, and various Property Rights. If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions should be made about any rights held in or over the resource. DC2003ISO

End Time
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Happening
comment: the end time point of a happening

Information Resource Identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: An unambiguous reference to the information resource within a given context. Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system. Formal identification systems include but are not limited to the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the Uniform Resource Locator (URL)), the Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and the International Standard Book Number (ISBN). DC2003ISO.

Given Name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
domain: Person
comment: The relation between a person and his/her given name.

Held to
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: End Time
domain: Job Position
comment: When the holder released a given position

First Name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
domain: Person
comment: The relation between a person and his/her first name. Usually used to call the person.

Number of Employees
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Organization
comment: The estimated number of employees in the organization.

Title
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
domain: Information Resource
comment: A name given to an information resource. Typically, title will be a name by which the resource is formally known. (DC2003ISO, Title there)

Resource Type
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: The nature or genre of the content of the resource. Type includes terms describing general categories, functions, genres, or aggregation levels for content. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the DCMI Type Vocabulary [DCT]). To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the resourceFormat property. DC2003ISO.

is Legal Entity
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Agent
comment: Determines whether a particular Agent is a legal entity. The range should be constrained to Boolean. Agents, for which the value is True, correspond to instances of http://www.cyc.com/2003/04/01/cyc#LegalAgent, which is defined as follows "Each instance of #LegalAgent is an agent who has some status in a particular legal system. At the very least, such an agent is recognized by some legal authority as having some kinds of rights and/or responsibilities as an agent (e.g., #citizens of Germany), ... ". In PROTON, it is modeled as property in order to avoid multiple-inheritance of classes and/or multiple classifications of instances.

Longitude
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Location
comment: In degrees, minutes, and seconds: no sign or (+) = East; negative sign (-) = West.

has Date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource. Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3CDTF] and includes (among others) dates of the form YYYY-MM-DD. For official documents, it could be the date of signature. It can also contain a java timestamp. Usually, time is connected to a happening (event/situation) in which the information resource is a participation entity. These include: creation of the information resource, its modification or other important happening. Very often such happening is in the background knowledge and the modeling of domain task does not require the explicit representation of this happening. If it plays important role in the model domain or for the task, then the user needs to extend the ontology in an appropriate way.

Valid from
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Statement
comment: The time when a statement is made valid. The happing of making the statement valid is not explicitly represented in Proton. If it is necessary for the task the ontology needs to be extented.

Latitude
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Location
comment: In degrees, minutes, and seconds: no sign or (+) = North; negative sign (-) = South.

Held from
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Start Time
domain: Job Position
comment: When the holder occupied a given position

Main Label
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Literal
domain: Entity
comment: This is a label of an entity which is consider to be representative for it. In cases when the entity is presented to someone, usually, this label will be used. In a sense, it is a specializatoin of rdfs:label

Document Subtitle
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Laconic Description
domain: Document
comment: A very short sub-title of a document, usually a single sentence

Resource Format
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Information Resource
comment: The physical or digital manifestation of the resource. Typically, Format will include the media-type or dimensions of the resource. Format may be used to identify the software, hardware, or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource. Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats). DC2003ISO

Last Name
type: DatatypeProperty
sub property of: Name of any kind
domain: Person
comment: The relation between a person and his/her last name. Usually the family name.

System Primitive
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: The system classes and properties are used to encode system specific information. They, as well as their instances and related information, should usually not be presented to the end-user. In practice, user-interface and visualization modules, can filter such primitives. All system primitives with this property should be marked with string value "T".

Transitive over
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: Makes possible the modelling of a specific, but rather useful modelling pattern. The semantics is defined with the following axiom: (p,transitiveOver,q) (x,p,y) (y,q,z) => (x,p,z). Sample usage is: (locatedIn, transitiveOver, subRegionOf) (Ontotext,locatedIn,Bulgaria) (Bulgaria,subRegionOf,Europe) => (Ontotext,locatedIn,Europe). The intended domain and range of this property are owl:ObjectProperty; those are not formally specified, in order not to get the ontology outside the OWL DL segment.